Achieving Universal Electricity Access

Achieving Universal Electricity AccessPART I INTRODUCTIONBackground of StudyThe importance of ripe life force serve in promoting socio-economic development has been extensively documented in the literature (Kaygusuz 2011), (Kanagawa and Nakata 2007) (Kanagawa and Nakata 2008). Access to modern energy services is closely related to other indicators of a p bentage standard of living in the 21st century, namely, availability of portable drinking water, literacy, health services, child mortality, and so forth(Meisen and Akin 2008). For example, in inelegant beas, the higher(prenominal) luminance of modern inflammation brightens homes and encourages pupils to study in the nights clean cookstoves and cookers using liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) tooshie reduce incidences of indoor-air pollution ca riding habitd by reliance on traditionalistic biomass for cooking (Isihak, Akpan and Adeleye 2012), etc. As the most versatile carrier of energy, electrical energy is fundamental in th e provisions of basic social services in health, water, etc. Electricity is too useful promoting the income formation in rural areas through the development of rural microenterprises (Akpan, Essien and Isihak 2013a). Electricity also agencys large machinery in factories to increase productivity. young energy services, especially electricity, are crucial to several sectors of the economy of any country higher education, agriculture, financial services, communication, rural development, etc.Despite the huge advantages of having memory portal to electricity, several billions of persons around the population lack access to electricity. The International Energy Agency (IEA) estimated that in 2011 about thirty billion persons lacked access to electricity of which thirty million were in sub-Saharan Africa (IEA 2011). Consequently, one of the major energy challenges confronting countries in sub-Sahara Africa is that of providing access to modern energy services to its citizens. The e lectricity access situation in Nigeria is similar to that of many developing countries the electricity access rate in Nigeria the percentage of commonwealth without access to electricity is 56% (NPC 2014) which is equivalent to about xxx million persons. However, the electricity access rates in the various states vary significantly from 10.9% in Taraba State to 99.1% in Lagos State as shown in Fig. 1. class 1 Electricity access rate in Nigeria by statesSource of data (NPC 2014)Three main factors which are inter-related are responsible for this disparity in the electricity access rates across the statesThe population density across the states varies significantly as shown in Fig. 2. Places with higher population density eat higher commercial activities and in-turn higher demand for electricity. Therefore, transmission and distribution lines are often constructed to deliver electricity to such locations because the electricity so delivered allow not be under-utilized1The major sources of electricity generation are natural gas and hydro. The gas-powered plants are located in the Niger Delta area where there is abundance of natural gas piece of music the hydropower plants are in Niger State. Because transmission lines are constructed to evaluate power from the generation source to demand areas, these states and other states along the path of the transmission lines tend to stick higher electricity access ratesDue to the first two reasons itemized above, the national power system does not cover all divorces of the country. The electricity grid covers the states with high population density but not those with low population density as shown in Fig. 3.Figure 2 Population density across the different states in NigeriaSource of data (National Population outfit, Nigeria 2006)Figure 3 Map of Nigeria showing existing, ongoing, and proposed generation and transmission (HV) projectsSource Transmission Company of Nigeria attached the importance of electricity acce ss to sustainable socio-economic development of a country, the government of Nigeria carried out comprehensive reforms in the electricity sector to promote efficiency in the sector. One of the objectives of the electricity sector reforms is to increase access to electricity in areas with low electricity access rate. Consequently, the Electric Power Sector clear up phone number 2005 created the Rural Electrification Agency to set up and administer the Rural Electrification Fund. As noted in the proceed, the purpose of the Fund is to promote rural electrification programs through ordinary and hush-hush sector participation in order to achieve more equitable access to electricity across the various states and to ensure universal access to electricity in Nigeria within the shortest possible time.Most rural electrification projects are done by extending the existing grid to the unelectrified communities. However, studies have shown that in situations where there is a larger problem of availability of sufficient generation competency such as in Nigeria, extending the existing grid only connects households to the grid but does not necessarily imply that electricity will be available for household or productive uses (Akpan, Essien and Isihak 2013a). Moreover, grid-extension is capital intensive which implies that it will only be cost-effective when there is adequate demand for electricity in the unelectrified communities, otherwise, it will lead to underutilization. Incidentally, as we highlighted earlier, the population densities of the states with low electricity access rate are also relatively low. In addition, substantial percentage of the population in these places lives in rural areas where energy is needed mainly to meet the basic needs of lighting and cooking. The high cost of extending the existing grid, coupled with the low population density and the low energy demand implies that other options for increasing electricity access in these areas, i.e. dec entralized option, may be considered. Indeed, studies have shown that the use of decentralized option to increase electricity access in rural areas with sparse population cloture pattern and low electricity demand indites is commonly cost-effective (Bhattacharyya 2012a). The decentralized option will often use locally-available energy sources, usually solar, wind, or hydro, to generating electricity to meet the demand in the unelectrified community. These locally available energy sources may be complemented by a stand-alone diesel/gasoline generating set. The role of the rural electrification planner in this situation is to examine the cost-effective technology option, between grid-extension and decentralized electrification, for providing access to electricity in unelectrified communities.Spatial Electricity Planning given over the huge capital outlay required to construct transmission and distribution grids, and the fact the in many developing countries a large percentage of the population resides in rural where the electricity demand profiles may be low thereby leading to gross under-utilization of electricity, several studies have used electricity supplying models to obtain the cost-effective option between grid-extension and off-grid electrification for increasing electricity access in rural areas (Sinha and Kandpal 1991), (Nouni, Mullick and Kandpal 2008), (Parshall, et al. 2009) (Deichmann, et al. 2011). These studies examine the cost of delivering a given amount of electricity from the point where the existing grid terminates to an unelectrified community by extending the existing grid and compares that the cost of using an off-grid option to deliver the same amount of electricity. The cost of grid-extension usually covers the capital cost of extending the medium and/or low-voltage transmission or distribution lines to the unelectrified communities having different levels of load, the cost of increasing the generation capacity to meet the additi ve load levels, the cost of constructing 33/11kV substations if required, the maintenance cost, and the potential transmission/distribution losses. The cost of the off-grid option usually include the cost of constructing the distribution lines and the cost of generating electricity using different locally available sources of energy, and the maintenance cost.In more recent times, some studies (Parshall, et al. 2009), (Sanoh, et al. 2012) have incorporated geographic information system (GIS) models to this traditional electricity planning method. GIS enables the planner to visualize the spatial location of the unelectrified communities in reference to the location of the electricity grid and to calculate the spatial distance of the communities from the grid. This functioning eases the process of estimating the capital cost of extending the existing grid because the capital cost is directly proportional to the distance of unelectrified communities from the grid. Another study (Kemaus uor, et al. 2014) applied the Network contriver Tool which is a free web-based program that integrates geospatial information with energy demand information at a dis fluxd level to assist electricity sector planners in determining the least-cost technology option for increasing electricity access. The model was developed by the Sustainable Engineering Lab of the Earth Institute, Columbia University, United States. design of the StudyThis study seeks to examine the cost and the least-cost technology options for achieving universal electricity access in Nigeria, i.e. electricity access for all, within a specified investiture timeline. This is done by applying the Network Planner Model at the state level and then aggregating the results to stomach a whole picture for the entire country. It is important to note that the model may be applied at the national level but we preferred the state level so as to provide a picture of the situation at a disaggregated level.Organization of the S tudyThis study is organized into five parts Part I is the Introduction which sets the compass for the study Part II is an overview of the electricity sector in Nigeria and Part III is a presentation of the Network Planner Tool which is used in the Study. In Part IV, we present the comprehensive results while in Part V we provide our concluding remarks.PART II Electricity Sector in NigeriaLegal FrameworkThe year 2005 is a pivot year in the organization of the electricity sector in Nigeria because of the Electric Power Sector Reform (EPSR) Act, 2005 which is the prevailing legal framework governing Nigerias electricity sector. Prior to 2005, the sector was managed by a centralized, vertically integrated, state-owned monopoly called National Electric Power billet (NEPA) which was created in 1972. By the late 1990s and early 2000s, NEPA was characterized with large wage bills due to over-staffing, accumulated debt, low rate of recovery of bills, and corruption. The poor proceeding of the sector in terms of low generating capacity relative to high demand, and erratic nature of supply necessitated reforms. The reforms were envisaged as a vehicle to attract private sector investment in the generation segment, improve reliability of electricity services, and improve operative and managerial efficiency in the sector. Prior to the enactment of the EPSR Act 2005, there was the National Electric Power Policy in 2001 which expressed the readiness of government to engage in far reaching reforms to increase the operational efficiency of the sector and set the stage for the Act. The EPSR Act 2005 mandated the vertical unbundling the various segments of the electricity value chain the horizontal unbundling of the facilities in the generation segment the decentalisation of the distribution activities the privatization of the successor companies from the vertical and horizontal unbundling the creation of an independent regulator (Nigerian Electricity Regulatory Commission) which is also mandated to promote private sector participation in the generating segment through independent power plants (IPPs) and the establishment of the Rural Electrification Agency. The present structure of the Nigerian electricity sector is shown in Fig. 1.Figure 1 organisational structure of the Nigerian electricity marketSource Authors compilationEnergy resources and utilizationNigeria is highly endowed with energy resources. Its resources based comprises of solid, liquid, and volatilised fossil fuels as well as renewable energy although they are not equally distributed across the country.Fossil FuelsNigerias crude crude oil is categorize as light and sweet and is concentrated in the Niger Delta part of the country as well as the Bight of Bonny. At the end of 2011, Nigerias turn out recoverable crude oil reserve was estimated to be 37.2 billion barrels making Nigeria to have the ninth largest2 crude oil reserves in the world and the second in Africa (World Energy Counci l, 2013). Nigeria produced about 1.75 million barrels of oil per day in 2013 (based on figures from the organization of petroleum exporting countries, OPEC) and exports a great part of the unrefined crude oil. Xx% of domestic demand for refined products is met through imports. In terms of end-use, Xx% of gasoline (premium motor spirit) and diesel is consumed in the transportation sector, xx% for self-generated electricity, and the remaining used as industrial inputs (ref).As with crude oil, Nigerias natural gas is concentrated in the Niger Delta part of Nigeria and the Bight of Bonny. At the end of 2011, Nigerias proved recoverable gas reserves was estimated to be 5110 billion cubic meters (180.5 trillion cubic feet) making Nigeria to have the eight largest natural gas reserve in the world and largest in Africa (World Energy Council, 2013). Although Nigeria produces and exports much of its gas, a large proportion is being flared. In 2011, (World Bank, ablaze(p) Estimates Produced by Satellite Observations, 2011) estimate that 14.6 billion cubic meters of natural gas was being flared in Nigeria. Domestic utilization of gas is mainly for power take and a small percentage is used for domestic cooking. Of the xxxMW of installed generation capacity in Nigeria, 6558MW is from gas-powered generating plants (UNECA, 2011).Nigeria also has considerable amount of coal and tar sand which are barely utilized. The Renewable Energy Master Plan (REMP) 2012 estimated these to be 2.7 billion tons and 31 billion barrels of oil equivalent respectively (Energy Commission of Nigeria, 2012).Renewable EnergyNigeria is blessed with enormous renewable energy resources, mainly hydro, solar, wind, and biomass. The hydrography of Nigeria is made up of several rivers as shown in Fig xx and these rivers are themselves parent rivers to many other adjoining streams. This network of water bodies provides huge potential hydro-electric power. The REMP estimated that up to 11250MW and 3500MW o f large and small hydro electricity power respectively can be obtained from Nigerias hydro resources. However, this potential has been grossly under-utilized because only 1900MW and 64.2 MW of large and small hydro power plants have been installed till date.The southern fringes with the Atlantic Ocean experience up to 3500mm/year of rainfall occurring in over eight months while rainfall in the northern Sahelian region has rainfall sometimes last for only triad months yielding 500mm/year. This implies that notwithstanding though there is high potential for mini hydro electric schemes in the entire country, the most attractive regions for mini hydro power will be Southern region.Figure 2 Major Rivers in NigeriaSource Authors adaptation from blank map by Radosaw BotevDue to the versatile climatic zones ranging from the mangrove swamps in the South to the Sahel savanna in the North, together with very diverse physical geography, Nigerias solar and wind resources vary significantly ac ross different parts of the country. According to the REMP, average solar irradiation is between 4 and 6.5 kWh/m2/day while average wind speed is 2-4m/s at 10m for mainland areas. Till date, only about 15MW of solar installations exist often as solar home services, public lighting, or traffic lights (refs). Geothermal energy resources exist in some part of the country (Kurowska Schoeneich, 2010) identified warm springs in Ikogosi (Ondo State), Wikki (Bauchi State), Ruwan zafi (Gyakan hot spring, Adamawa State), and Akira (Awe local government area, Nassarawa State). However, a techno-economic feasibility and viability study on the potential for geothermal based electricity is yet to be conducted till date.Biomass is perhaps the most used energy form in Nigeria. According to xxx, biomass use consist of xx% of final energy consumption in Nigeria. Xx% of rural areas rely on biomass to meet their cooking needs (expand and consolidate). Biomass accounts for 37% of aggregate energy deman d and 95% of rural energy use (REMP, 2005). Biomass is being depleted in some of the northern states due to desert encroachment. Studies have shown that even people with electricity access still really on biomass for cooking (Bhattacharyya, 2012 IEA, 2010). The reliance on biomass for cooking seem to be more cultural than frugalElectricity Supply and DemandPublicly distributed electricity generation in Nigeria is dominated by hydro and gas-fired plants with an installed capacity of 1900MW and 6558MW respectively (UNECA, 2011). However, as at the end of 2012, the feature operational capacity of all the generating facilities was below 4600MW (FGN, 2013). There are also cogeneration plants completed generation projects under the National Integrated Power Projects (NIPPs)3 and stranded power from completed IPPs which are yet to be connected to the grid (Eberhard Gratwick, 2012). As a fast-growing economy with a population of over 165 million (World Bank, 2013) and a rising number of middle-class, the demand for electricity in Nigeria far outpaces the effective capacity to supply. Daily data on throwaway generation and spot demand forecast from May through September, 2014 from the website of the Presidential Task Force on Power Reforms4 showed that peak generation fluctuate between 3000MW and 4000MW while peak demand is over 12000MW yielding a supply gap of between 8000MW and 9000MW with resulting frequent sporadic outages in areas that are connected to the grid.Moreover, Nigerias generation capacity per capita is relatively low when compared to other developing countries as shown in table xxx while the demand for electricity is constantly increasing. (what is the estimated electricity demand in Nigeria and the projected level of increase? )The program requires data at different levels household, community, and national. At the household level, data on household electricity demand profile are required. Since households belong to communities, the summation of the electricity demand of all households in a community forms the electricity demand and also requires different types of data which may be grouped into five categories. We present below the data requirement and the modeling procedure of the Network Planner Tool.Geospatial dataThe model requires data on the spatial location (longitude and latitude) of the demand centers. The model also requires data on the coverage of the existing medium voltage in the area where demand centers are located.1 It is important to mention that in states that have very low population density, there is also much variation in the population densities across the local government areas (LGAs). For example, even though the population density of Taraba State is 54persons/km2, within Taraba, the population density varies from 10 persons/km2 in Gashaka LGA to 713 persons/km2 in Jalingo LGA (2006 Census Report figures)2 Tenth, if oil sands are included in Canadas oil reserves.3 Details of the structure and proje cts under the NIPP can be found at http//www.nipptransactions.com/4 http//www.nigeriapowerreform.org/

french war :: essays research papers

The French, after World War II wanted to train Indochina by returning the area to a pre-war colonial status, believing they were better suited to bring economic growth to that part of the world. The United States, a outlandish which demanded self rule from England in 1776, plays the hypocrite by supporting France in order to secure europium from Soviet expansion. How far does one go to break dance anothers ideological beliefs? Do countries that practice freedoms of choice have a moral obligation to intervene in anothers affairs, or do they let those who reside there, determine their own future?At the end of World War II, Stalin and the Russian Empire took advantage of the weaken postulate of the European Theater by installing several puppet regimes in weaken countries, including Germany, Hungary, and Poland. This unchecked spread of socialism was of great concern to the rest of Europe and the United States. Two countries with much to lose, Turkey and Greece were in urgent need of aid to assist in their reconstruction after the war. Their survival and resistance to communism were not only critical to Europe, but would hamper Russias unrestricted access to the Mediterranean Sea and controlling numerous seaports, including those in the Middle East. The Truman philosophy not only assured assistance to Turkey and Greece, but created a policy of containment, allowing the communist block countries to exist, but not allow their policies to spread nurture into Europe. This stalemate between the European countries aligned with the United States and the Soviet Union created an Iron Curtain across Europe, and with Russias successful test of an atom bomb calorimeter an uneasiness across the globe was generated and the start of the Cold War. In order for the security of Europe to take hold, all countries within the European house had to participate, this included the French. Prior to the start of the Second World War, France had several colonies set up in the Indoch ina area including Vietnam. As part of their agreement to participate in Europes security they wanted to reestablish these ties in Southeast Asia. In as much as the United States didnt approve of liquidation of Indochina, there were several factors that ultimately allowed them to say yes.1.The security of Europe had to come first, at this time the issues in Southeast Asia were deemed non-issues. Thus we were willing to accept the French terms.

Business Description of Ben & Jerrys Essay -- essays research papers

Executive SummaryBen and Jerrys is a successful field glass cream company with many strengths and weaknesses. The company faces dependable contention, financial struggles, economic and social influences, all of which atomic number 18 covered in my paper. I also discussed some recommendations I have for the companies success.Ben and Jerrys is one of the top ice cream companies around. They have had many ups and downs throughout the history of the company, but overall, they have overcome most of their hardships. They have some serious competition facing them in the ice cream industry they have faced financial struggles, internal issues, and some social and economic factors. In conclusion, I have come up with a few recommendations for the company to possibly improve things in the future. Haagen Dazs is currently the main competitor in the concentrated marketplace place for super premium ice cream. Substitutes be however available. There ar other ice creams not in the super premiu m category. To an extent, these are the real competition. However, for the market B&J caters for, their strategies should not have a great impact on B&J. The frozen yogurt lines which B&J now provides, also has a number of direct competitors to deal with. Dealing with other substitutes is not that simple. Expensive (or inexpensive) chocolate, cakes, croissants and other desserts are realistic options for consumers. Other companies are going to try to assure you that their product is the perfect accompaniment to any meal. B&J needs to be aware of this. How he/she makes the choice for ice cream (as opposed to chocolate, etc.), then super premium (as opposed to premium or ordinary) and finally B&J (as opposed to Haagen Dazs etc.) is imperative.The possibility of new competition in the market place is limited by two major problems, the brand and distribution. Remembering that these are higher market consumers, where by cheap alternatives are not necessarily desired, then the key element is the brand. This brand and the image that comes along with it, are something currently only Haagan Dazs and B&J have. This emotional liaison related to B&Js and everything it possesses beyond what it is in itself (a good tasting ice cream), is something that will be difficult to imitate. It is a question of I wouldnt be seen dead eating another ice cream as o... ...r Ben & JerryStrengthsBen & Jerry have an established and recognized brand name.They have a relaxed, doglike and casual workforce.Good public and social image due to their principles in social awareness.Wide variety of flavors in ice cream for customers.WeaknessesBen & Jerry have a limited target market.The suppliers and distributors (such as Dreyers) have high bargaining power, which allows them to raise their prices when they like. They have concentrated more on donating their money to charities therefore neglecting upcoming changes in trends. Declining market share.Slow development of new products.OpportunitiesBe n & Jerry should seek to globalize their product to compete effectively. Change their current suppliers and distributors, which might enable them to be more greet effectiveThreatsThreat of substitutesEconomical changes such as in inflation or consumer spendingSocial changes within the consumer market such as wellness conscience attitudes.BibliographyBen and Jerrys Company Information, 2000. Woody Jackson.1 May 2000Haagen Dazs, 2000.1 May 2000

Americans that Terrorize Americans Essay -- essays research papers fc

AMERICANS THAT TERRORIZE AMERICANSWith the cold fight still thawing out and terrorism on the rise, there is a fear within the borders of the worlds greatest nation. This is a new kind of fear, especially in light of the recent flesh out on the World Trade Center, and even radical solutions are being considered. The United States for the most part of the last fifty years has felt an nice sense of security from the evils of the world, but now that blanket of freedom has been panicened from within Americas own national borders. President bush has vowed to track down every terrorist group in the war on terrorism, but the war needs to begin on United States soil. The solution to the war on terrorism is to start with educating the citizens of America about the terrorist organizations within United States borders, and stop American terrorist from terrorizing America.When an American terrorist threatens the freedoms of their own next-door neighbors, the current policies of policing the streets must be weighed. The threat lies within various groups that have been identified by the already established Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) about a month out front the Oklahoma City bombing by McVeigh. These groups are overwhelmingly white, almost entirely Christian, and predominantly male. The group is called the Patriot Movement, which are compiled of members that are bitterly disappoint in what America has become. Experts estimate that about 200,000 Americans are active in the hate ...

A Separate Peace :: essays papers

A disunite Peace2Breaking The MoldIn John Knowles, A Separate Peace, there is a transformation in all the key elements in the book, from the rivers to the corner to the seasons to the characters. The transformation is specifically seen in Leper, divisor, and Phineas. These three young men induce a change not just because of the transitions through adolescence. These changes also come round because of the war, the school, and an injury. Leper Lepellier is a very odd young man. He is quiet and is finds himself continuously taken by surprise. He really is not popular and that does not equal him in any way. Leper really has no true friends at the Devon school, that talks to factor. He entertains himself by collecting snails, looking for beaver damns, and skiing. His personality does not allow him to depend on anyone for help. As time progresses and the other boys appear the winter session he decides to enroll in the war. A couple of months subsequent Gene receives a telegram f rom Leper saying he is in his Christmas perspective This is the first sign that Leper demonstrates that he needs people. He realizes the happiness, fear and anger prepare to be shared with others. Leper then tells Gene I escaped and he says he did it to please himself. He is starting to realize things that are going on in the world. He no longer lives in his bubble.Gene Forrester is a quiet, envious, introverted, and lonely young man. His insecurities are especially seen when Finny is around. There is a constant ambition through Genes eyes between them. He forever chooses to compete or argue with Phineas. The first example of his competitive personality is seen when Phineas asks him to scratch out of the tree. Phineas says, you were very good, once I shamed you into it. .. I am good for you that way. You have a tendency to back away from things otherwise. and Gene states you didnt shame anybody into anything. I never backed away from anything in my life. Gene would have never j umped off the tree if it were not for Finny. Gene depends on Finny as his security blanket. As time progresses the rivalry increases andthe tension in Genes head is gets worse. When Gene can not take anymore of Finny and hisabilities his green-eyed monster takes control and he jounces the limb.A Separate Peace essays papersA Separate Peace2Breaking The MoldIn John Knowles, A Separate Peace, there is a transformation in all the key elements in the book, from the rivers to the tree to the seasons to the characters. The transformation is specifically seen in Leper, Gene, and Phineas. These three young men experience a change not just because of the transitions through adolescence. These changes also come about because of the war, the school, and an injury. Leper Lepellier is a very odd young man. He is quiet and is finds himself always taken by surprise. He really is not popular and that does not concern him in any way. Leper really has no true friends at the Devon school, but talk s to Gene. He entertains himself by collecting snails, looking for beaver damns, and skiing. His personality does not allow him to depend on anyone for help. As time progresses and the other boys start the winter session he decides to enroll in the war. A couple of months later Gene receives a telegram from Leper saying he is in his Christmas location This is the first sign that Leper demonstrates that he needs people. He realizes the happiness, fear and anger have to be shared with others. Leper then tells Gene I escaped and he says he did it to please himself. He is starting to realize things that are going on in the world. He no longer lives in his bubble.Gene Forrester is a quiet, envious, introverted, and lonely young man. His insecurities are especially seen when Finny is around. There is a constant rivalry through Genes eyes between them. He always chooses to compete or argue with Phineas. The first example of his competitive personality is seen when Phineas asks him to jump out of the tree. Phineas says, you were very good, once I shamed you into it. .. I am good for you that way. You have a tendency to back away from things otherwise. and Gene states you didnt shame anybody into anything. I never backed away from anything in my life. Gene would have never jumped off the tree if it were not for Finny. Gene depends on Finny as his security blanket. As time progresses the rivalry increases andthe tension in Genes head is gets worse. When Gene can not take anymore of Finny and hisabilities his jealousy takes control and he jounces the limb.

Elizabeth as a Typical Victorian Woman in Frankenstein Essay -- Franke

Elizabeth as a Typical victorian Woman in Frankenstein Elizabeth is an all important(predicate) character in bloody shame Shelleys Frankenstein. She is also the most important person in Victors aliveness for many reasons. Not scarce is she beautiful beyond belief, she is also submissive and meek. Elizabeth knows her role in the household and she fulfills her duties without hesitation or complaint. Always concerned for Victor, she is ordain to do anything to ensure his happiness. Elizabeth is Victors prized possession, that which he must value and protect above all other things. She is his faithful love. Elizabeths many qualities sort her as a common woman of nineteenth-century puritanical England. Subservience is one of the main characteristics of Victorian English women. They were taught to be submissive and manipulative (Kanner 305). Qualities of selflessness, patience, and outward respect were also required in women (Prior 96). In contrast to mens masculine energy, wom en were thought to possess feminine passivity that made them incapable of actively venturing into the gentlemans gentleman with curiosity (Kanner 208). Such put on belief on the mens part, not womens feminine passivity, is what hindered the women from venturing into the world and confined them to the home. Such confinement is evident in the quest womans diary All this clock my Lord was in London where he had all and infinite great resort coming to him. He went much abroad to Cocking, to Bowling Alleys, to Plays and Horse Races. . . I stayed in the country having many times a sorrowful and heavy heart . . . so as I may truly say, I am an owl in the desert. (Prior 200) Similarly, in Frankenstein, while the young Victor Frankenstein and his friend Henry Clerv... ... Victor as his own. Elizabeth is subservient, sentimental, nurturing, sacrificial, and beautiful. She possesses all the normal feminine characteristics. Hence, through the images of Elizabeth, Mary Shelley clearly and accurately depicts attitudes toward Victorian women of nineteenth-century England. Elizabeth lives, and dies, the role both Shelley and society had written for her and her real-life sisters. Works Cited Kanner, Barbara, ed. The Women of England From Anglo-Saxon Times to the Present. Hamden Archon Books, 1979. Prior, Mary, ed. Women in English Society, 1500-1900. New York Methuen, 1985. Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein. Ed. Johanna M. Smith. Boston Bedford Books, 1992. Wollstonecraft, Mary. A Vindication of the Rights of Women An Authoritative Text, Backgrounds, Criticism. Ed. Carol H. Poston. New York W.W. Norton, 1975. Elizabeth as a Typical Victorian Woman in Frankenstein Essay -- FrankeElizabeth as a Typical Victorian Woman in Frankenstein Elizabeth is an important character in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein. She is also the most important person in Victors life for many reasons. Not only is she beautiful beyond belief, she is also submissive and meek. Elizabeth knows her role in the household and she fulfills her duties without hesitation or complaint. Always concerned for Victor, she is willing to do anything to ensure his happiness. Elizabeth is Victors prized possession, that which he must value and protect above all other things. She is his faithful love. Elizabeths many qualities classify her as a typical woman of nineteenth-century Victorian England. Subservience is one of the main characteristics of Victorian English women. They were taught to be submissive and manipulative (Kanner 305). Qualities of selflessness, patience, and outward obedience were also required in women (Prior 96). In contrast to mens masculine energy, women were thought to possess feminine passivity that made them incapable of actively venturing into the world with curiosity (Kanner 208). Such false belief on the mens part, not womens feminine passivity, is what hindered the women from venturing into the world and confined them to the home. Such confinement is evident in the following womans diary All this time my Lord was in London where he had all and infinite great resort coming to him. He went much abroad to Cocking, to Bowling Alleys, to Plays and Horse Races. . . I stayed in the country having many times a sorrowful and heavy heart . . . so as I may truly say, I am an owl in the desert. (Prior 200) Similarly, in Frankenstein, while the young Victor Frankenstein and his friend Henry Clerv... ... Victor as his own. Elizabeth is subservient, sentimental, nurturing, sacrificial, and beautiful. She possesses all the typical feminine characteristics. Hence, through the images of Elizabeth, Mary Shelley clearly and accurately depicts attitudes toward Victorian women of nineteenth-century England. Elizabeth lives, and dies, the role both Shelley and society had written for her and her real-life sisters. Works Cited Kanner, Barbara, ed. The Women of England From Anglo-Saxon Times to the Present. Hamden Archon Books, 1979. Prior, Mary, e d. Women in English Society, 1500-1900. New York Methuen, 1985. Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein. Ed. Johanna M. Smith. Boston Bedford Books, 1992. Wollstonecraft, Mary. A Vindication of the Rights of Women An Authoritative Text, Backgrounds, Criticism. Ed. Carol H. Poston. New York W.W. Norton, 1975.

Hannibal :: essays research papers

- North American moviegoers were hungry for Hannibal the Cannibal at the weekend."Hannibal," a thriller have Sir Anthony Hopkins in a long-awaited follow-up to the 1991 hit "The Silence of the Lambs," grossed a record-breaking $58 million in its first three days of release in the United States and Canada, according to studio estimates issued on Sunday.If the numbers hold when final data are issued on Monday, "Hannibal" will replace 2000s "Mission Impossible II" ($57.9 million) as the third-highest bow in movie history, after 1997s "The Lost World Jurassic Park" ($72 million) and 1999s "Star Wars Episode One -- The Phantom scupper" ($64.8 million). It also set new records for a non-summer opening, an R-rated release and for a release by domestic distributor Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Inc."I must confess I judge it to be big, but non this big," "Hannibal" producer Dino De Laurentiis told Reuters from Berlin.Indeed most indus try expectations were in the $35 million- $40 million range. MGM distribution president Larry Gleason said he had hoped to surpass the $42 million bow of the 2000 horror spoof "Scary Movie," which held the record for an R-rated release.AUDIENCE LOVES THE VILLAINThe film stars Hopkins as elegant cannibal Hannibal Lecter. When hes not disemboweling or dining on his hapless victims, he engages in a transatlantic cat-and-mouse game with FBI agent Clarice Starling, played by Julianne Moore. Jodie Foster played Starling in "Lambs," but opted not to return, reportedly because of the new films violence. Ridley Scott ("Gladiator") directed. The original was directed by Jonathan Demme.De Laurentiis, in Berlin for the films screening on Sunday night at the German capitals annual film festival, said audiences have conferred hero status on Hannibal Lecter."When hes forced to kill, he kills somebody the audience wants to kill too," he said. "Hannibal is a fore cast in its own. Its a picture that will be remembered forever."He said Hopkins, who received a $10 million-plus salary for "Hannibal," had asked to be in a sequel. This was sustain by MGMs Gleason. Whereas "Silence" and "Hannibal" were based on novels by Thomas Harris, the new project would probably bypass the book stage and go straight to script, Gleason said.As for the violent scenes, both De Laurentiis and Gleason noted that they were staged in an understated way with irony and humor."Its playing much more fun than violent, in a spiritual way," Gleason said. "Theres a lot of nervous laughter (among the audience).