The Philosophy Of Jean Jacques Rousseau - 953 Words

Thesis Famous philosopher, Jean Jacques Rousseau beliefs that revolutionize today s thinkers are†¦ All men are born good. â€Å"Man is born free, yet he is everywhere in chains† There should be a society without government Question: Why do you have this belief that all men are good even though you were mistreated as an engraver’s apprentice? Answer: The reason why I would think like this is because it is a natural human instinct to help other people around, to help our species survive the endeavor. I was helped by many rich people even though they had the choice not to. People are very independent and compassionate, that is why so many people are successful in life. It is just those who don’t appreciate life, thinking that everything is against them is what makes everybody depressed. Government instead of letting people do what they want it forces them into positions they don’t want to be in. Also schools, certain art and certain media are looked over by the government so they can have control over the knowledge of people so certain individuals would not question the government like people did with the church. Many other philosophers had touched on the rich being corrupt like Niccolo Machiavelli stated in the book he wrote The Prince. We have to realize that all nations have fallen because they we re greedy and corrupt, and to live happily we must make the choices ourselves not some individual far away. Question: You state that â€Å"Man is born free, yet he isShow MoreRelatedLord of the Flies by William Golding and the Philosophy of Jean Jacques Rousseau547 Words   |  2 PagesRousseau and Golding, Two different men, from two different time periods, with two very different beliefs. Golding believed that everyone was born evil, and to keep people civilized, we need government and laws. Golding shows his beliefs through his book, The lord of the flies. Rousseau, on the other hand, believed that people were born good, and the only thing that corrupted children, was our societies social standards. Rousseau was a Swiss philosopher in the 18th century. He was also a writerRead MoreRousseau’s Nonexistent Co-existing State1618 Words   |  7 PagesThe idea of a utopian state is one many people have hoped for or thought of, a place where all people are treated equal and free. Jean Jacques Rousseau developed the theory of sovereign government and the ‘le volante general’, meaning the general will, in his book The Social Contract. There are certain problems with his theory such as, citizens will not be in similar situations, and so if the law was decided on, it will have different impacts on different people, leaving the minority at a disadvantageRead MoreRousseau s Influence On Society1443 Words   |  6 PagesHarmon Rousseau Influence on Society Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a philosopher and writer of the 18th century. Rousseau’s political philosophy influenced a lot of people and was well know for his work. His philosophy had a great impact that influenced the French Revolution and develop the modern, political, sociological, and educational thought. Rousseau wanted to influence his political concepts that were important to him and wanted to develop a new way of thought. In his work, Rousseau talks aboutRead MoreJean Jacques Rousseau And The Discourse On Inequality1546 Words   |  7 PagesJean-Jacques Rousseau, A Discourse Upon the Origin and the Foundation of the Inequality Among Mankind â€Å"In fact, the real source of all those differences, is that the savage lives within himself, whereas the citizen, beside himself, knows only how to live in the opinion of others; in so much that it is, if I may say so, merely from their judgement that he derives the consciousness of his own existence,† (Rousseau) The quote deriving from one of history’s most powerful and opinionated critique toRead MoreEssay on Biography of Jean-Jacques Rousseau1349 Words   |  6 PagesBiography of Jean-Jacques Rousseau MAN is born free; and everywhere he is in chains. One thinks himself the master of others, and still remains a greater slave then they. How did this change come about? I do not know. How can it be legitimate? That question I think I can answer. (RousseauRead MoreJean-Jacques Rousseau1524 Words   |  7 PagesTopic #1 Jean-Jacques Rousseau makes the provocative claim that the transfer of sovereignty involves in the election of representatives signifies a loss of freedom: The instant a people chooses representatives, it is no longer free. (On the Social Contract, p.103) Do you agree with Rousseau? The book On the Social Contract published on 1762 by Jean-Jacques Rousseau is one of his most important works, which points out the basis for a genuine political order and freedom. One of Jean-Jacques RousseauRead MoreThe Political Landscape Of France1367 Words   |  6 PagesBaron de Montesquieu and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, both paved the way for the French and other Enlightenment revolutions during the 18th and 19th centuries. Although neither of the men saw the manifestations of their ideas in the American or French Revolutions, their influence is unquestionable to these movements. Without the political and economic atmosphere in France and Europe during the 18th and 19th century, the ideas and beliefs of thinkers like Montesquieu and Rousseau would not have affectedRead MoreThe Age of Reason1424 Words   |  6 PagesThesis: To discuss the philosophers who participated and had an affect in The Age of Reason. OUTLINE I. David Hume A. Contributions to the Age of Reason B. Who and what influenced him II. Jean Jacques Rousseau A. What he believed in B. Who influenced him III. Claude Adrien Helvetius A. Influences B. Reasons for contribution IV. Immanuel Kant A. How he made a difference B. Why he made a difference C. What caused him to make a difference V. Johann Fichte A. Influences Read More Age of reason Essay1294 Words   |  6 Pagesstudies law but then decides to pursue an independent study of his own ideas (Sartre 132). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;From 1734 to 1737 Hume was busy writing his book, A Treatise of Human Nature, which talked about the problems of thoughtful philosophy (Hampshire 105). However, the public ignored this important piece of work making Hume feel like he was quot;dead-born.quot; After this horrible reaction to A Treatise of Human Nature Hume went back home where he started thinking more about ethicsRead MoreComparison of Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau Essay1092 Words   |  5 PagesHuman nature and its relevance in determining behaviors, predictions, and conclusions has caused dispute among philosophers throughout the ages. Political philosophy with its emphasis on government legitimacy, justice, laws, and rights guided the works of the 17th and 18th century philosophical writings of Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Through Thomas Hobbes world-renowned publication Leviathan and Rousseau’s discourses on basic political principals and concepts, each man va lidated their

The Punishment Of The Death Penalty - 867 Words

Despite the widespread abandonment of death sentencing by many developed nations, the United States continues to execute citizens every year. The standard methods used to execute Americans have evolved over time. Each state has adopted their own preferences for sentencing those convicted of the most heinous crimes. Death by lethal injection is now most commonly practiced and hangings, firing squads, and the electric chair, have been progressively phased out. American society continues to dignify which methods are cruel and unusual, but will not principally condemn the practice. Those who oppose capital punishment argue that it serves no purpose. If there is no rational utility in killing convicts, maybe more people would feel compelled to abandon it all together. In reality, the only utilities ever reaffirmed by supporters of the death penalty are those involving retribution or deterring elements. Should a decision concerning the fate of a person’s life be made in court? Is it possible for the government to simultaneously curb violence and to justify executing people? Taking a life for vengeance will not right the wrong, and violence only breeds more violence. Many people who support capital punishment are under the impression that it costs more to imprison a person than it does to kill them with lethal injection. What most people don’t take into consideration is how quickly expenses add up in the U.S. justice system. When a person is charged with capital murder, it isShow MoreRelatedThe Death Penalty And Punishment928 Words   |  4 PagesPunishment by death dates back in multiple cultures and societies for as long as records have been kept. According to the Death Penalty Information Center (DPIC), 4th century’s Roman Law of the Twelve Tablets through 18th century Babylon, where around 25 crimes preempted punishment by death, included some documented forms of the death penalty. Common methods in these times included crucifixion, beatings, and burning while alive. European influence brought capital punishment to the Americas whereRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is The Punishment Of Punishment2059 Words   |  9 PagesThe Death Penalty is the punishment of execution, administered to someone legally convicted of a capital crime. Death Penalty goes as far back as the Ancient Laws of China as established as punishment for crimes. In the 18th Century BC, the Code of King Hammurabi of Babylon codified the death penalty for 25 different crimes, although murder was not one of them. Lex Talionis is the principle or law of retaliation that a punishment inflicted corresponds in degree kind to the offense of the wrongdoerRead MoreThe Punishment Of The Death Penalty1620 Words   |  7 Pages The 2005 decision made in Roper v. Simmons’ declared that the crimes committed by people under the age of 18 would not be punishable by death. Because of this the United States Supreme Court challenged the constitutionality of the death penalty for juveniles. Whether the decision was appropriate or not is still under intense debate to this day. â€Å"A primary purpose of the juvenile justice system is to hold juvenile offenders accountable for delinquent acts while providing treatment, rehabilitativeRead MoreThe Punishment Of The Death Penalty1634 Words   |  7 Pageskill then you are killed. I am for Capital Punishment. I started class with this view and although I have been tested through some of the topics, I stand by my decision. It seemed easy to think that way. Through the course, I have learned how to better articulate and understand my views. I still have the same gut reaction that those who kill get killed, but I now understand why I feel this way. I agree in most part with the practices of the death penalty, although I do feel that some reform wouldRead MoreThe Punishment Of The Death Penalty Essay3196 Words   |  13 PagesThe ultimate punishment of the death penalty has long been advocated in the l ight of its ability to deter future capital crimes and its ability to bring closure and retribution to those who were directly affected by it. Many advocates for the death penalty have always used deterrence and retribution as their salient topics but deterrence and retribution are starting to lose their efficacy. The population of death row has dropped every year for 13 consecutive years, from 2000-2013, and only 16%Read MoreThe Death Penalty As A Form Of Punishment1491 Words   |  6 Pages The Death Penalty Elizabeth del Rio San Jose State University Abstract This paper will propose all the arguments for and against the use of the death penalty as a form of punishment. The death penalty, also known as Capital Punishment, is a punishment for criminals who haveRead MoreThe Death Penalty Of Capital Punishment1480 Words   |  6 Pagesjustice system, such as the death penalty. Capital punishment has been used many times in history all around the world, and it was quite popular. Many people argue that capital punishment is useful in deterring crime and that it is only fair that criminals receive death as punishment for a heinous crime. On the contrary, others see the death penalty as a violation of the 8th amendment. It restricts excessive fines, and it also does not allow cruel and unusual punishment to be inflicted upon criminalsRead MoreCapital Punishment : The Death Penalty1212 Words   |  5 PagesMoney, Complications, Delays, and Innocents: Controversy Against the Death Penalty The government has sanctioned the practice of the death penalty to those who are believed to be deserving of such serious retribution. Capital punishment manages to maintain a large amount of public support; however, it has recently received the label of a dying practice. The decline of executions can be traced back to the high price, complicated procedures, and ongoing trials placed on these cases because of theRead MoreCapital Punishment And The Death Penalty1106 Words   |  5 Pages Jesse Jackson once said, â€Å"Capital punishment turns the state into a murderer.† Capital punishment has been around for several hundred years, the first documented execution in America taking place in 1608, but more recently this form of punishment has been raising questions on its morality. While the form of execution has changed over the years, from firing squad to lethal injection, all forms succeed in their purpose: to kill. Support for capital punishment is still very strong in Americ a, the reasonsRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is The Ultimate Punishment882 Words   |  4 PagesLlamas Curtis Becker Comp 1 03 October 2017 The death penalty The death penalty is the ultimate punishment. There is no harsher punishment than death itself. This nation, the United States of America, is currently one of fifty-eight nations that practice the death penalty, if one commits first-degree murder as of 2012. People that believe in the death penalty also believe that it will deter murders. In this paper I will argue that the death penalty does not deter criminals and that this nation should

Dealer Satisfaction Free Essays

WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT Introduction A firm is required to maintain a balance between liquidity and profitability while conducting its day to day operations. Liquidity is a precondition to ensure that firms are able to meet its short-term obligations and its continued flow can be guaranteed from a profitable venture. The importance of cash as an indicator of continuing financial health should not be surprising in view of its crucial role within the business. We will write a custom essay sample on Dealer Satisfaction or any similar topic only for you Order Now This requires that business must be run both efficiently and profitably. In the process, an asset-liability mismatch may occur which may increase firm’s profitability in the short run but at a risk of its insolvency. On the other hand, too much focus on liquidity will be at the expense of profitability and it is common to find finance textbooks begin their working capital sections with a discussion of the risk and return tradeoffs inherent in alternative working capital policies. Thus, the manager of a business entity is in a dilemma of achieving desired tradeoff between liquidity and profitability in order to maximize the value of a firm. Importance of Working Capital The working capital meets the short-term financial requirements of a business enterprise. It is a trading capital, not retained in the business in a particular form for longer than a year. The money invested in it changes form and substance during the normal course of business operations. The need for maintaining an adequate working capital can hardly be questioned. Just as circulation of blood is very necessary in the human body to maintain life, the flow of funds is very necessary to maintain business. If it becomes weak, the business can hardly prosper and survive. Working capital starvation is generally credited as a major cause if not the major cause of small business failure in many developed and developing countries. Objectives of Working Capital It is becoming more and more difficult to use debt to finance mechanical engineering firms. Companies in this industry are therefore forced to optimize their capital employed in order to become less dependent on borrowed money. Management of Working Capital While the performance levels of small businesses have traditionally been attributed to general managerial factors such as manufacturing, marketing and operations, working capital management may have a consequent impact on small business survival and growth. The management of working capital is important to the financial health of businesses of all sizes. The amounts invested in working capital are often high in proportion to the total assets employed and so it is vital that these amounts are used in an efficient and effective way. However, there is evidence that small businesses are not very good at managing their working capital. Given that many small businesses suffer from under capitalisation, the importance of exerting tight control over working capital investment is difficult to overstate How to cite Dealer Satisfaction, Papers

Contribute to children and young peoples health and safety free essay sample

1. 1 Outline the health and safety policies and procedures of the work setting to provide adequate control of the health and safety risks arising from work activities to consult with employees on matters affecting their health and safety to provide and maintain a safe environment to ensure safe handling and use of substances and medicines to provide information, instruction and supervision for employees to ensure all employees are competent to do their tasks and to give them adequate training to prevent accidents and cases of work-related ill health to maintain safe and healthy work conditions to review and revise the policy as necessary at regular intervals 1. 2 Identify the lines of responsibility and reporting for health and safety in the work setting Staff member reports issue to Deputy Manager Deputy Manager reports issue to Manager Manager then reports to relevent authority such as Health and Safety Executive, OFSTED 1. 3 Explain what a risk assessment is and how it is managed in the work setting A risk assessment is A risk assessment is simply a careful examination of what, in your work, could cause harm to people, so that you can weigh up whether you have taken enough precautions or should do more to prevent harm. We will write a custom essay sample on Contribute to children and young peoples health and safety or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page According to the Health and Safety Executives website. My understanding of it is that a risk assessment is a way of checking how likely a place, item or activity, in the case of working in a nursery, is to cuase harm to someone or to be a source of danger and how best to prevent it from happening. The nursery carries out a risk assessment covering all areas of the building every day as the rooms are set up and before any children arrive and it is recorded on a daily risk assessment sheet. Activities are irsk assessed such taking the children for a walk in the local area, a visit to the library or activities outside in the garden. 3. 1 Identify non-medical incidents and emergencies that may occur in the work place trips and falls power cut water shortage missing child flooding unauthorised person in the building temperature in building either too high or too low gas leak 3. 2(covers TDA 2. 2 question 2. 4) Outline the actions to take in response to the following situations: fires, security incidents, emergency incidents and missing children Fires: all staff are to be aware of the fire exits and their roles and responsibilities in the event of a fire a whistle will be blown in the event of a fire the most senior staff in all rooms will collect registers and check all rooms including the kitchen and toilets all other staff are to gather the children and vacate the premises quickly but safely by the nearest fire exit to the assembly point the fire brigade will be contacted by either the manager or the deputy staff, children and visitors will be checked on the register at the assembly point no re-entering building until told it is safe to do so by the fire service Security incidents: the nursery will only allowed those they have been informed about collect children in the event that someone they do not know about turns up to collect a child, a member of staff will contact the childs parents and confirm whether or not the person is allowed to collect their child. In the event that someone unauthorised gains access to the building then staff will move children to a safe area, usually a different room from the unauthorised person, doing so as quickly and calmly as possible. The person will be asked to leave the building and if necessary the police will be contacted if a member of staff allowed the person access then appropriate action will be taken. Emergency incidents: all staff are to be aware of their roles and responsibilities in the event of an emergency/ critical incidient and also aware of the fire exits children should be evacuated to a safe area away from the incident, either outside to assembly point or another room 9depending in the incident) the most senior member of staff, who is not involved with the incident, from all rooms collects registers and critical incident response timeline plan and checks rooms including kitchen and toilets all staff children and visitors to be checked on register  critical incident response timeline plan to be followed Missing children: if the child has gone missing at the nursery then the building will be searched thoroughly and systematically if the child has gone missing outside on a trip then all possible areas will be searched the parents will be contacted, aiming to alarm them as little as possible, using a set telephone script if chilld is not found through searching then police and children service s the incident is recorded in the accident and incident book care and support is offered to parents after the incident 7. 1 Identify the procedures of the work setting governing the receipt, storage and administration of medicines Parents sign in medication using a medication form where they record dosage and frequency of medicine, when last dose was taken along with their childs name and date of birth. Medication must be in original packaging and labelled with childs name, name of medication and dosage. Medication is never left in childs bag, instead is stored in the kitchen either in a cabinet or the fridge as per instructions on packaging. If a child requires long term medication then  their parents need to fill in a long term medication form to give the staff permission to administer the medication Staff are also required to store any of their own medication safely and away from children 7. 2 Explain how the procedures of the work setting protect both children and young people and practitioners All medications are recorded and multiple signatures are obtained on forms regarding administration, sta ff member signs at time of giving medicine, parents are informed that it has been given and sign to say they have been told. This means that parents cannot make accusations of medicines not being given or that they havent been told about it Medication is stored in the kitchen either in a cabinet or the fridge, depending on instructions for storage and never left in childrens bags. This prevents other children from getting hold of it. Staff bags are kept in a cupboard away from children and in the event of a child getting into the cupboard, bags are kept up on a shelf out of their reach. This means that any medication such as inhalers, paracetamol, antihistimines etc or if the staff member is a smoker, cigarettes and lighters, are not available for a child to get hold of and cause themselves harm. Training is given on a child by child basis for conditions such as type 1 diabetes and the use of epipens and only those who have been trained are allowed to administer for these conditions Staff are required to fill in a medical history sheet if they have any ongoing conditions and sign and record when they have taken any medicines. This protects them as it gives a record of anything they have taken should it be needed.

Definition of Human Rights and Trafficking

Introduction Since every human being is born free and equal in dignity as well as rights, the right of every human living on this planet ought to be respected at all costs. For the success of the society that we live in to be realized, every one of us should treat each other equally without any discrimination.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Definition of Human Rights and Trafficking specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Treating each other without discrimination distinguishes us from animals. One of the infamous abuses of human rights is the practice of human trafficking, which has become prevalent in the current society. This is because in many places in the world, several individuals are currently living in bondage. They tirelessly carry out various duties in industries under threat of violence, imprisoned in homes as domestic workers, or work as prostitutes under instructions from their bosses. Human traf ficking enslaves individuals from all races, ages and they are forced to stay in deplorable conditions. This paper discusses the prevalence of this highly unrecognized, yet dangerous, epidemic in the world. Definition of human rights and trafficking Human rights are an important part in the understanding of the concept of justice. Since justice means fairness, the upholding of the rights of a person involves justice. For humanness, justice is important; therefore, the act denying justice to a person is equivalent to denying the person his or her human rights. It is important to note that human rights advocate for the sustenance of the dignity and status of individuals. Human rights mean, â€Å"the affirmation of a dignified life to each individual and it involves showing love, humanness, and just relationship† (Sttiphan, 9). By the fact that a person is a human, he or she is bequeathed with various rights that ought to be respected; therefore, the rights are considered in a u niversalist and democratic style. Human rights are usually present as common standards of conduct of real human morals or as legal rights within the local regulations of a particular country or within the international law. They may also be present as validated moral standards or natural rights substantiated by means of provable reasons. Currently, human trafficking is a multibillion-dollar-a-year industry that is increasingly becoming a major social problem in the twenty-first century. It is the â€Å"recruitment, transportation, or receipt of people for the purposes of slavery, forced labor, or involuntary servitude† (Zastrow, 301).Advertising Looking for research paper on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The individuals are usually deceived, lured, coerced, force-fed with drugs, intimidated or forcefully abducted to their new destinations where they face various forms of inhumane treatments. After recruitment, the victims are usually compelled to fulfill various duties with minimal or no wages. The terms of employment are usually very exploitative. Although most nations have outlawed this practice, it is still being practiced and it is kept highly secretive. The practice of human trafficking is not the same with the smuggling of individuals since in smuggling, individuals willingly ask for the service of the smuggler, who is paid for his or her efforts, and the victims become free on arrival at their new world. However, human trafficking leads to the enslavement of the individuals in which they are denied their fundamental rights. The changing of the concept of human rights over time The concept of human rights, as they are currently being practiced by most nations of the world, took a long time to be developed adequately. After the Second World War, prominent world leaders realized that other more powerful people were oppressing the residents of their countries. For the oppr essed, the only way they could use to relieve their oppression was by engaging in war. The occurrence of more conflicts could only be avoided by providing a way that would ensure that equality is embraced in the society. Therefore, this concern of providing justice to the oppressed made many leaders of various countries to emphasize on the importance of respecting human rights since this was necessary for the sake of preserving the entire human race. However, before this development, the concept of human rights was in existence in some other ways. The concept started when man began living in this world. This was for the reason of fulfilling the various needs and requirements of humans in a finite world. Therefore, various rules of conduct were enacted to ensure equal distribution of rights to limited resources for the fulfillment of the various needs and requirements. As Rayner points out, â€Å"the earliest rules about standards of behavior among people dealt with prescribing or p rohibiting conduct that experience proved was likely to lead to conflict (para. 3). During the early sixth century, the famous lawmaker, who was a Roman citizen called Justinian developed the Codex of various regulations. He attempted to come up with an organized system of rights and responsibilities. The great religious organizations of the world had all attempted to develop an organized system of rights and responsibilities derived from the divine regulations. These religious organizations include, but not limited to, Judaism, Hinduism, Christianity, Buddhism, Taoism, and Islam, and they all had profound ideas concerning the dignity of the human race.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Definition of Human Rights and Trafficking specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the seventeenth century, due to the influence of great thinkers such as Grotius, Hobbes, and Locke, attention to human rights was shifted from social responsibilities to personal requirements and contribution. Consequently, these rights were referred to as ‘natural rights,’ or in other words, ‘the rights of man,’ and they became part of the political agenda. This led to the conflict about politics in which people debated about the freedoms to give up things since it was argued that individuals in their ‘natural’ condition had unlimited freedom. The English Revolution of 1640 mainly took place because of this issue since the people fought for their rights. Almost half a century later, the Glorious Revolution took place against the oppressive English government. This led to the enactment of the English Bill of Rights in 1689, which addressed the important issues of the time. The Bill of Rights reiterated a number of royal promises made by King John, under duress, in the Magna Carta (this was a charter that was initially produced in 1215 and it largely influenced the development of the B ill of Rights). During the late eighteenth century, according to great thinkers such as John Locke, people held the claim that â€Å"no-one could be subjected to another’s rule unless they consented† (Rayner, para. 12). This ideology limited the functions of governments and made the American colonies’ Declaration of Independence in 1776, since the governments that could not protect the rights of their citizens were overthrown. The most notable twentieth century declarations concerning ‘natural’ or human rights took place in 1948 following the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which was heralded by a series of other international Conventions, Covenants, as well as Declarations. Causes and Effects of human trafficking The causes of human trafficking are many and varied. They mainly involve the economic condition of the areas whereby the victims came from. The fast increase in the world’s population has made many individuals to suffer from lack of jobs. Those who do not succeed in finding the jobs are usually the most susceptible for this kind of abuse (Salinger, 408). This lucrative business has also been enhanced by the existence of porous borders and sophisticated communication equipment that aid the movement of the traffickers from one region to another. The HIV/AIDS pandemic is leaving many children as orphans who have to take care of their younger siblings.Advertising Looking for research paper on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This condition creates a fertile ground for traffickers who promise them ‘good’ life. Other causes include worldwide economic policies that facilitate the segregation of marginalized communities, increase in corruption, increase in domestic violence, gender discrimination, and the global increase in demand for cheap and exploitable workforce. Human trafficking, as the fastest growing international crime, has widespread effects on the victims and to their countries of origin. The victims usually suffer from violation of their rights, intense psychological abuse, trauma, fear of being unsafe or lacking adequate protection, loss of faith in other individuals, resentfulness, emotional torture, and hardship conditions. Besides these, the long-term effects of undertaking this illicit trade are detrimental to the economic development of their country of origin (Connor, para. 3). This is because the uneven movement of people out of a country lowers the levels of human capital a vailable in the country. The proliferation of human trafficking is able to create negative demographic effects. This deteriorates the social fabric of the particular nation through abating the social standards and ethics while fostering bribery and illicit practices. The victims of human trafficking In some places of the world, human trafficking is managed by large organized traffickers who collaborate with high-ranked government officials in carrying out their purposes. Nonetheless, most traffickers are organized in smaller groups. These smaller groups concentrate on a particular area of the trafficking process, for example, abduction or trade. This increases their proceeds since only a small amount of resources are required to commence the lucrative business. These groups of criminals most of the time target the most susceptible and defenseless members of the society. They get their victims from poverty-stricken regions where opportunities for getting assistance are minimal. Altho ugh they usually target disadvantaged individuals from various social backgrounds, the victims of human trafficking can come from anywhere since even individuals from affluent families can also be the target of traffickers. The trafficking of women is particularly carried out for the sake of the lucrative sex industry where they are compelled to engage into prostitution and earn targeted daily quotas for their masters. Traffickers take advantage of inadequate opportunities, make false arrangements for travel and work placements, and on reaching their destinations, the victims realize that they have been deceived concerning the terms and conditions of their new employment. Therefore, they find themselves in deplorable conditions that fleeing from is both complicated and harmful to them. Agents and brokers who engage in child trafficking most of the time take advantage of the poor living conditions of their parents. Guardians sometimes agree to trade their children in exchange for lar ge sums of money, which they use as a means of earning livelihood. Some other parents are victims of deceit after they have been falsely promised employment and escape from poverty for their children. In addition, some other children are forcefully abducted or lured by the traffickers to their destinations. Recent studies have shown that many trafficked children, especially the males, are recruited in the armies to serve as child soldiers, and others, especially the females, are traded to serve in the global sex industry per year. The misuse of the adoption process in most countries has escalated the number of victims of human trafficking. This has led to the trading of newborn babies as well as pregnant women in many places around the world. Men are also susceptible to this illicit trade. They are mainly trafficked to be employed as unskilled laborers in various industries. They work under forceful conditions with meager or no payment. Fighting against trafficking violations of hum an rights and eliminating human trafficking For the war against human trafficking to be won, adequate preventive initiatives must be carried out in order to avoid the violations of human rights. Since most traffickers usually seek to exploit the economic conditions of their victims by giving them false promises, such vulnerable people should be made aware of the risks that are involved through counseling when people they do not trust want to help them seek for better lives elsewhere. Vulnerable communities can be protected from this illicit trade in human beings by practicing community-led activities. The porous borders of most countries are usually susceptible to the movement of the traffickers; therefore, communities living around these places should be educated on ways of detecting and preventing the unauthorized movement of persons. Human trafficking is usually practiced in most countries and most policy makes are not aware of its existence and dangers. Therefore, to protect hum an rights, various policy makers, law enforcement agencies, and the civil society should be made aware of the sensitive nature of this issue by the use of appropriate training tools in order to reduce the effects of this practice that is threatening the security of the world. Other appropriate ways of eliminating human trafficking are by coming up with new initiatives for fighting anti-trafficking, improving law enforcement efforts, and carrying out more prosecutions for people who are suspected of engaging in trading of human beings. Therefore, to protect the dignity of every person, it is of essence to offer assistance to grass roots efforts of indigenous human rights groups, engage in programs that aim at reducing poverty, and protect the vulnerable communities from unnecessary exploitation. Conclusion Most countries of the world are supporting the concept of universal human rights since they are becoming a worldwide principle that determines whether a country is governed properl y or not. Because the threat of human trafficking is still a major problem in this century, concerted efforts need to be made by adopting appropriate measures for prevention, detection, and action. Human trafficking will not be completely obliterated from the face of the earth if individuals settle down and stop making efforts to end this illicit activity. Consequently, with the enactment of the adequate counter strategies, human trafficking can be eliminated and the dignity of the human race can be preserved for the benefit of the forthcoming generations. Works Cited Connor, Gregory. â€Å"Human trafficking.† UMCOR-NGO. The Humanitarian Agency of the United Methodist Church. 2004. Web. Rayner, Moira.† History of universal human rights-up to WW2.† History. N.d. Web. http://www.universalrights.net/main/histof.htm Salinger, Lawrence M. Encyclopedia of white-collar corporate crime. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications, 2005. Print. Sttiphan, Em. Human rights: co ncepts and perspectives. New Delhi: Concept Pub. Co., 2002. Print. Zastrow, Charles. Introduction to Social Work and Social Welfare Empowering People.  Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole Pub Co, 2009. Print. This research paper on Definition of Human Rights and Trafficking was written and submitted by user Frank Castle to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Parasitic wasps essays

Parasitic wasps essays Malaria is one of the most prevalent and dangerous diseases known to man. It has existed for centuries and affects a myriad of people in the tropical region. Even today, with our newly discovered treatments for many of the tropical diseases, over 10% of the people that are infected with malaria each year and do not receive proper treatment die. In Africa alone, over 1 million children die each year because of malaria and new cases are reported frequently. Malaria is very dangerous and harmful to man. However, the protozoan that causes malaria has existed since man came into being. Fossils of mosquitoes that are 30 million years old contain the vector for malaria. After written history, many civilisations have known about malaria. The Greek physician Hippocrates described the symptoms of malaria in the 5th Century BC The name malaria is derived from the Italian words, mal and aria, meaning "bad air", because people of earlier times believed that the disease was caused by polluted air near swaps and wetlands in Europe. The scientific identification of malaria was not found until 1880. The French army physician, Charles Laveran, while stationed in Algeria, noticed strange shapes of red blood cells in certain patients and identified the disease scientifically and linked to a certain protozoan. Although the disease had been identified, it was not until 1897, when British army physician, Ronald Ross studied birds and discovered that the malarial protozoan was transmitted through mosqu itoes. Soon after, two Italian scientists noted that mosquitoes spread malaria to humans as well. Many attempts have been made to try to eradicate the disease. As early as 7 AD, in Rome, swamps were drained to try to prevent the "bad air" from reaching nearby cities. Recently, in the 1950's and 1960's, about 25 years after the development of DDT, the United Nations World Health Organisation tried to wipe out the disease through the use of DDT. Although, the nu...

Love. Spare Time Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Love. Spare Time - Case Study Example Furthermore, many businesses have been seen to make cost leadership their strategy, business such as Wal-Mart adhere to cost leadership in order to differentiate and maintain their competitive advantage, but Mark does not want to opt for that option either. The fact that no other retailer within a five-mile radius offers the brands being offered by Mark is an edge Mark has over the other retailers if the quality of the brands being offered by him is perceived to be superior by his customers. Even then it is just a matter of time till the growing trend of e-commerce engulfs this point of differentiation of Spare Time Equipment. The facts stated above show that as of now, Spare Time Equipment does not have a sustainable competitive advantage and customers do not come to an outlet just to make friends and build relationships. One thing which Mark has been doing right is to try and differentiate himself on the basis of the service Spare Time Equipment provides over other retailers, the tagline â€Å"We do it right the first time† is attention grabbing and has a feel of excellence in business. As mentioned above, most of Mark’s experience has been in the services sector; therefore differentiating on the basis of providing good service seems very apt and achievable. However, in order for people to avail the services at Spare Time Equipment it is essential for people to first buy the product for which Mark needs to become more flexible. Some amount of consumer promotion to introduce the product with the customers would do more good to Mark than harm. Promotions of limited time discount offers could be run on the radio spots and print ads which Mark has previously used to create awareness about Spare Time Equipment. This would help increase customer traffic at Spare Time Equipment and then it wo uld be up to the sales staff to seal the deal. If Mark does not want to reduce the price of his

Equity and trusts Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Equity and trusts - Case Study Example As was stated in Knight v Knight2 by Lord Langdale MR, there are three certainties that must be present in order to constitute a valid express trust, they are certainty of words, certainty of subject matter and certainty of objects.3 The certainty of words requirement was described in Re Kayford Ltd.4 as being akin to a certainty of intention. The intention is to impose a mandatory obligation on the trustees of how the trust property is to be dealt with. As was stated in Banks v Goodfellow5 the testator does not need to have the understanding of a lawyer as to the contents of the document but a clear intention to trust, must be present. The certainty of subject matter relates to the trust property. The trust property must be clearly defined and identified. Otherwise the trust must fail as who is to decide which assets are to form the basis of the trust. The case law has established that uncertainty as to the subject matter can either be conceptual or evidential. By conceptual uncertainty is meant that it is impossible to ascertain what the intention of the testator was. For example, in Palmer v Simmonds6 Kindersley V-C said that a trust could not be created, as a 'definite, clear and certain part' of the estate had not been identified. The court is willing to exert effort in ascertaining the trust property as Ungoed-Thomas did in Re Golay7 where he found that a 'reasonable income' was capable of ascertainment by the court, but if there is no clear property, there can be no trust. What's more, the allocation of property must be specific. In Hemmens v Wilson Browne (a firm)8 it was held that a right to payment of 110,000 at any time could not form a trust as the sum was unspecific, or in the words of Judge Moseley QC, 'there was no identifiable fund to which any trust could attach.'9 I think it is fair to say that 'my houses' is sufficiently specific to allow for ascertainment. To my stepdaughter Analise the home of my parents with instructions that the property is held within the family in perpetuity. This provision raises two concerns. The first is that there is a good chance that Lady Penelope does not presently own the house of her parents. While there are tax and other reasons why she may own it, we are informed that her parents were still alive at the time of her death. If Lady Penelope does not presently own the house of her parents, then it is impossible for her to create a valid trust over it. While she may have been due to inherit the house, we are told that her parents are still alive and this would therefore not occur. It is a fact of law that it is not possible to create a trust for property that the testator does not own yet, but hopes to own in the future. This has been expressly stated in the case of future inheritance under a will or intestacy.10 In Re Ellenborough11 the settlor granted in 1893 to trustees, any property she may become entitled to in the future on the deaths of her brother or sister. When her brother died nine years later, she decided not to give the property to the trustees, and Buckley J upheld her decision on the ground that no trust could have been created in 1893 over property that the

The Culture Of An Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Culture Of An Organization - Essay Example Its leaders should be charismatic and quick at decision-making. Motivation Motivation refers to the force that influences people’s action. The theories are aimed to make the workers work diligently and be fruitful. In my case, I am going to use The Mayo’s theory of Human Relations. Mayo’s theory believes that pay alone cannot be sufficient to motivate and boost the performance of an employee in the workforce. He believes that the social needs of the workers should also be put into consideration. Transformational Leadership Transformation leadership is formed through the four ‘I’s’, that is idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual simulation and individual consideration. Idealized influence is displayed when a leader act as the role model to their follower. When the leader articulates his vision, to his followers then this is referred to as inspirational motivation. Intellectual simulation is achieved when a leader undertakes his followers through some challenges. Individual consideration is reflected when a leader attends to the needs of the follower in person. Transformation leader can therefore be said to pay attention to their followers, change awareness and inspire their follower. Transformational type of leadership is said to work because it engages leader and their followers to be creative. Leader and follower strategize on their goals and therefore they are in better positions of achieving the set goals. Unlike charismatic leadership where vision is only stated, transformation leadership provides an attractive view of the future. In terms of commitment, it can be noted that in transformational type of leadership, both the leader and the follower are usually committed in undertaking their activities (Kark, Shamir & Chen, 2003). Motivation theory In my case, I would use Mayo’s Theory of Human Relations to address the issues in the police department. According to Mayo’s theory, change s in the working condition or financial rewards had little effect to the performance of employees. Workers are instead motivated by the way; they interact with each other, working in teams that aid them in decision-making. The mayo’s theory encouraged interaction between the different levels of management and the entire workforce. This makes it easy for the management to easily solve the grievances facing their employees. Employees should also be treated in a more caring and humane manner to maximize on their productivity. Organizational structures Organization plays a major role in any organization, its can determine the success or failure of an organization. Organizational structures therefore refer to the major methods that an organization uses to coordinate its activities; the type of devolution used within that organization in terms of subordinates’ involvement in decision making of the organization. There are three common organizational structures. These are simp le, bureaucracy and matrix organization structures. Simple Structure This uses direct supervision, and employs vertical and horizontal centralization. Its organizational structure consists of the top manager and a few workers in the workforce. The number of staff is usually small thus forcing them to perform overlapping tasks. There are no job specifications to an individual (Weber, 1947). Simple structures are used mostly in small corporations, new

The Peroxide In Fatty Acid Biology Essay

The Peroxide In Fatty Acid Biology Essay Oils or fats including edible oil are in great demand everyday as the principal materials for foods, cooking and so forth, therefore, a determination of the degree of oxidation or deterioration of oils or fats is a daily requirement from the viewpoint of hygiene and sanitation, tastes and odors of foods manufactured or cooked. The peroxide value is a measure of those substances in sample, expressed in terms of millie-equivalents of active oxygen per kilogram which oxidize potassium iodide under condition of the test. High peroxide values are a definite indication of a rancid fat, but moderate values may be the result of depletion of peroxides after reaching high concentrations. Procedures: Into the 250mL flask, the sunflower oil is weighted to the nearest 0.1 mg, 5.00 ±0.05g. 30mL of acetic acid-chloroform solution is added. The flask is swirled until sunflower oil is dissolved in the solution. 0.5mL of saturated potassium iodide is added with a graduated pipette. The solution is swirled for 1 minute and 30mL of distilled water is added. For freshly produced oils, a few drops of starch solution are added. 0.01 N sodium thiosulphate solution is titrated is added gradually and with constant and vigorous shaking. The titration is continued, the flask is shake vigorously near the end point to liberate all the iodine from the chloroform layers. The thiosulphate solution is added drop wise until the blue color just disappears. For sunflower oil with high peroxides, 0.01 N is titrated until the yellow iodine color has almost disappeared. 0.5mL of starch indicator is added and continues until the blue color just disappears. Blank test in parallel with determination is carried out. The blank titration must not exceed 0.1mL of the 0.01 n sodium thiosulphate. Step 1 to 9 is repeated by using the canola oil. Results: Weight of canola oil and sunflower oil = 0.22g Initial reading Final reading Sunflower oil 77.8 83.6 Canola oil 74.8 77.8 Peroxide value of sunflower oil = N ÃÆ'- (Vs -Vb) ÃÆ'- 1000 W =0.01ÃÆ'- (83.6-77.8) ÃÆ'- 1000 0.22 = 263.64 Peroxide value of canola oil = 0.01 ÃÆ'- (77.8-74.8) ÃÆ'- 1000 0.22 =136.36 Discussion: In chemistry, fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with long hydrocarbon chain. It is also any of a large group of monobasic acids, especially those found in animal and vegetable fats and oils, it also plays roles outside the body. Furthermore, it has a general formula of CnH2n+1COOH. When it is not attached to other molecule, it is called free fatty acid. Fatty acid is essential as a source of fuel because of its metabolism yield large quantities of ATP. Characteristically made up of saturated or unsaturated aliphatic compounds with an even number of carbon atoms, this group of acids includes palmitic, stearic, and oleic acids.   One of many molecules that are long chains of lipid-carboxylic acid found in  fats  and oils and in cell membranes as a component of phospholipids and glycolipids. Peroxide is a compound containing an oxygen-oxygen single bond. The simplest stable peroxide is hydrogen peroxide. The O-O group is called the peroxide group or peroxo group. In contrast to oxide ion, the oxygen atoms in the peroxide ion have an oxidation state of -1. Peroxide can be classified into organic and inorganic whereas the inorganic peroxides have an ionic, salt-like character. The organic peroxides are dominated by the covalent bonds. The oxygen-oxygen  chemical bond of peroxide is unstable and easily split into reactive  radicals  via hemolytic cleavage. Sunflower oil is the non-volatile oil expressed from sunflower seeds. Sunflower oil is commonly used in  food  as frying oil, and in cosmetic  formulations as an  emollient. Canola oil is made at a processing facility by crushing the rapeseed. Canola is a key ingredient in many foods. Its reputation as a healthy oil has created high demand in markets around the world. Canola oil has many non-food uses, and often replaces non-renewable resources in products including candles, lipsticks, newspaper inks, industrial lubricants and biofuels. The average density of canola oil is 0.92g/ml. The  peroxide value  of an oil and fat  is used as a measurement of the extent to which rancidity reactions have occurred during storage. Other methods are available but peroxide value is the most widely used. The  double bonds found in fats and oils play a role in  autoxidation. Oils with a higher degree of  unsaturation  are most susceptible to autoxidation. The best test for autoxidation (oxidative rancidity) is the determination of the peroxide value.  Peroxides  are intermediates in the autoxidation reaction. Autoxidation is a  free radical reaction  involving  oxygen that leads to deterioration of fats and oils which forms off-flavors and off-odors. Peroxide value, concentration of peroxide in an oil or fat, is useful for assessing the extent to which spoilage has advanced. The peroxide value is the number that expresses in milliequivalents of active oxygen the quantity of peroxide contained in 1000 g of the substance. Peroxide Value is one of the most w idely used tests for oxidative rancidity in oils and fats, peroxide value is a measure of the concentration of peroxides and hydroperoxides formed in the initial stages of lipid oxidation. Milliequivalents of peroxide per kg of fat are measured by titration with iodide ion. Peroxide values are non static and special care must be taken in handling and testing samples. It is difficult to provide a specific guideline relating peroxide value to rancidity. High peroxide values are a definite indication of a rancid fat, but moderate values may be the result of depletion of peroxides after reaching high concentrations. Therefore the peroxide value of canola oil is lower than sunflower oil. Precaution step: There are several precaution steps that must be considered in this experiment. Firstly, our eyes must be perpendicular to the scale of instrument when recording the value to avoid parallel error occurs. Secondly, we must also avoid or minimize the zero error existed in the experiment. Thirdly, during the titration, we must add the sodium thiosulphate gradually or drop by drop, with constant and shake it vigorously to avoid inaccurate value taken. Besides that, we must avoid solution being oxidized or carbon dioxide; CO2 being dissolved in the solution because it will affect the actual result. Conclusion: The peroxide value of sunflower oil is 263.64 while the peroxide value of canola oil is 136.36.

Legal Education In The Us :: essays research papers

Legal Education In The US There is no undergraduate law degree in the United States; thus, students cannot expect to study law without first completing an undergraduate degree. Basic admissions requirements for American law schools are a Bachelor's degree in any field and the Law School Admissions Test (LSAT). The American law degree is called the Juris Doctor (JD) and usually requires three years of study. The JD program involves courses in American common and statute law as well as international and business law. Overseas students who are considering an American JD should note that this program focuses on preparation for US legal practice. Undergraduate Preparation for Law School No particular subject or major field of study is required at the undergraduate level. Law schools are concerned that applicants have taken courses which develop communication and analytical skills, and that they have exposed themselves to a variety of disciplines. The Prelaw Handbook (Association of American Law Schools) suggests students study some or most of the following fields but stresses that "well-developed academic ability" is preferable to intense specialization in any one field: economics, social sciences (sociology, psychology, anthropology, political science), computers, accounting, and the sciences. Most pre-law students earn their undergraduate degrees in one of the social sciences, rounding out their general preparation with courses from other disciplines. All these subjects may be studied at virtually any university. Law schools in the US do not require that students complete their Bachelor's degree in America, but because of fierce competition for places in law schools, few students are accepted from overseas universities. At the beginning of the final year of undergraduate study, JD applicants should take the LSAT. No knowledge of law is needed to do well on this exam; it is a standardized test of academic aptitude in the areas of reading comprehension and analytical and logical reasoning. Legal Education Students thinking of law study soon discover that the programs of most law schools have a great deal in common. The choice of one school over another is not easily made on the basis of catalog descriptions of the teaching methods, course offerings, and formal requirements. The similarity is natural, since most American law schools share the aim of educating lawyers for careers that may take many paths and that will frequently not be limited to any particular state or region. Although many lawyers eventually find themselves practicing within some special branch of the law, American legal education is still fundamentally an education for generalists. It emphasizes the acquisition of broad and basic knowledge of law, understanding of the functioning of the legal system, and

Carrie Chapter Thirteen

She had done it; that was enough; she was satisfied. (maybe he'll fall in love with her) She looked up as if someone had spoken from the hallway, a startled smile curving her lips. That would be a fairy-tale ending, all right. The Prince bends over the Sleeping Beauty, touches his lips to hers. Sue, I don't know how to tell you this but The smile faded. Her period was late. Almost a week late. And she had always been as regular as an almanac. The record changer clicked; another record dropped down. In the sudden, brief silence, she heard something within her turn over. Perhaps only her soul. It was nine-fifteen. Billy drove to the far end of the parking lot and pulled into a stall that faced the asphalt ramp leading to the highway. Chris started to get out and he jerked her back. His eyes glowed ferally in the dark. ‘What?' she said with angry nervousness. ‘They use a P.A. system to announce the King and Queen,' he said. Then one of the bands will play the school song. That means they're sitting there in those thrones, on target.' ‘I know all that. Let go of me. You're hurting.' He squeezed her wrist tighter still and felt small bones grind. It gave him a grim pleasure. Still, she didn't cry out She was pretty good. ‘You listen to me. I want you to know what you're getting into. Pull the rope when the song is playing. Pull it hard. There will be a little slack between the pulleys, but not much. When you pull it and feel those buckets go, run. You don't stick around to hear the screams or anything else. This is out of the cute-little-joke league. This is criminal assault, you know? They don't fine you. They put you in jail and throw the key over their shoulder.' It was an enormous speech for him. Her eyes only glared at him, full of defiant anger. ‘Dig it?' ‘Yes.' ‘All right. When the-buckets go, I'm going to run. When I get to the car, I'm going to drive away. If you're there, you can come. If youre not, I'll leave you. If I leave you and you spill your guts, I'll kill you. Do you believe me' ‘Yes. Take your fucking hand off me.' He did. An unwilling shadow-grin touched his face. May. ‘It's going to be good.' They got out of the car. It was almost nine-thirty. Vic Mooney, President of the Senior Class, was calling jovially into the mike.. ‘All right, ladies and gennelmen. Take your seats, please. Ifs time for the voting. We're going to vote for the King and Queen.' ‘This contest insults women!' Myra Crewes called with uneasy good nature. ‘It insults men, too!' George Dawson called back, and there was general laughter. Myra was silent. She had made her token protest. ‘take your seats, please!' Vic was smiling into the mike, and blushing furiously, fingering a pimple on his chin. The huge Venetian boatman behind him looked dreamily over Vic's shoulder. ‘Time to vote.' Carrie and Tommy sat down. Tina Blake and Norma Watson were circulating mimeographed ballots, and when Norma dropped one at their table and breathed ‘Good LUCK!' Carrie picked up the ballot and studied it. Her mouth popped open. ‘Tommy, we're on here!' ‘Yeah, I saw that,' he said. ‘The school votes for single candidates and their dates get sort of shanghaied into it. Welcome aboard. Shall we decline?' She bit her lip and looked at him. ‘Do you want to decline?' ‘Hell, no,' he said cheerfully. ‘If you win, an you do is sit up there for the school song and one dance and wave a sceptre and look like a goddam idiot. They take your picture for the yearbook so everyone can see you look like a goddam idiot.' ‘Who do we vote for?' She looked doubtfully from the ballot to the tiny pencil by her boatful of nuts. ‘They're more your crowd than mine.' A chuckle escaped her. ‘In fact, I don't really have a crowd.' He shrugged. ‘Let's vote for ourselves. To the devil with false modesty.' She laughed out loud, then clapped a hand over her mouth. The sound was almost entirely foreign to her. Before she could think, she circled their names, third from the top. The tiny pencil broke in her hand, and she gasped. A splinter had scratched the pad of one finger, and a small bead of blood welled. ‘You hurt yourself?' ‘No.' She smiled, but suddenly it was difficult to smile. The sight of the blood was distasteful to her. She blotted it away with her napkin. ‘But I broke the pencil and it was a souvenir. Stupid me.' `There's your boat,' he said, and pushed it toward her. ‘Toot, toot.' Her throat closed, and she felt sure she would weep and then be ashamed. She did not, but her eyes glimmered like prisms and she lowered her head so he would not see. The band was playing catchy fill-in music while the Honour Society ushers collected the folded-over ballots. They were taken to the chaperones' table by the door, where Vic and Mr Stephens and the Lublins counted them. Miss Geer surveyed it all with grim gimlet eyes. Carrie felt an unwilling tension worm into her, tightening muscles in her stomach and back. She held Tommy's hand tightly. It was absurd, of course. No one was going to vote for them. The stallion, perhaps, but not when harnessed in tandem with a she-ox. It would be Frank and Jessica or maybe Don Farnham and Helen Shyres. Or – hell! Two piles were growing larger than the others. Mr Stephens finished dividing the slips and all four of them took turns at counting the large piles, which looked about the same. They put their heads together, conferred, and counted once more. Mr Stephens, nodded, thumbed the ballots once more like a man about to deal a hand of poker, and gave them back to Vic. He climbed back on stage and approached the mike. The Billy Bosman Band played a flourish. Vic smiled nervously, harrumphed into the mike, and blinked at the sudden feedback whine. He nearly dropped the ballots to the floor, which was covered with heavy electrical cables, and somebody snickered. ‘We've sort of hit a snag,' Vic said artlessly. ‘Mr Lublin says this is the first time in the history of the Spring Ball-‘ ‘How far does he go back?' someone behind Tommy mumbled. ‘Eighteen hundred?' ‘We've got a tie.' This got a murmer from the crowd. ‘Polka dots or striped?' George Dawson called, and there was some laughter. Vic gave a twitchy smile and almost dropped the ballots again. ‘Sixty-three votes for Frank Grier and Jessica MacLean, and sixty-three votes for Thomas Ross and Carrie White.' This was followed by a moment of silence, and then sudden, swelling applause. Tommy looked across at his date. Her head was lowered, as if in shame, but he had a sudden feeling. (carrie carrie carrie) not unlike the one he had had when he asked her to the prom. His mind felt as if something alien was moving in there, calling Carrie's name over and over again. As if ‘Attention!' Vic was calling. ‘If I could have your attention, please.' The applause quieted. ‘We're going to have a run-off ballot. When the people passing out the slips of paper get to you, please write the couple you favour on it.' He left the mike, looking relieved. The ballots were circulated; they had been hastily torn from leftover prom programmes. The band played unnoticed and people talked excitedly. ‘They weren't applauding for us,' Carrie said, looking up The thing he had felt (or thought he had felt) was gone ‘It couldn't have been for us.' ‘Maybe it was for you.' She looked at him, mute. ‘What's taking it so long?' she hissed at him. ‘I beard them clap. Maybe that was it. If you fucked up-‘ The length of jute cord hung between them limply, untouched since Billy had poked a screwdriver through the vent and lifted it out. ‘Don't worry,' he said calmly. ‘They'll play the school song. They always do.' ‘But-‘ ‘Shut up. You talk too fucking much.' The tip of his cigarette winked peacefully in the dark. She shut. But (oh when this is over you're going to get it buddy maybe you'll go to bed with lover's nuts tonight) her mind ran furiously over his words, storing them. People did not speak to her in such a manner. Her father was a lawyer. It was seven minutes to ten. He was holding the broken pencil in his hand, ready to write, when she touched his wrist lightly, tentatively. ‘Don't . .' ‘What?' ‘Don't vote for us,' she said finally. He raised his eyebrows quizzically. ‘Why not? In for a penny, in for a pound. That's what my mother always says.' (mother) A picture rose in her mind instantly, her mother droning endless prayers to a towering, faceless, columnar God who prowled roadhouse parking lots with a sword of fire in one hand. Terror rose in her blackly, and she had to fight with all her spirit to hold it back. She could not explain her dread, her sense of premonition. She could only smile helplessly and repeat: ‘Don't. Please.' The Honour Society ushers were coming back, collecting folded slips. He hesitated a moment longer, then suddenly scrawled Tommy and Carrie on the ragged slip of paper. ‘For you,' he said. ‘Tonight you go first-class.' She could not reply, for the premonition was on her. her mother's face. The knife slipped from the whetstone, and in an instant it had sliced the cup of her palm below the thumb. She looked at the cut. It bled slowly, thickly, from the open lips of the wound running out of her hand and spotting the worn linoleum of the kitchen floor. Good, then. It was good. The blade had tasted flesh and let blood. She did not bandage it but tipped the flow over the cutting edge, letting the blood dull the blade's edge, then she began to sharpen again, heedless of the droplets which splattered her dress. If thine right eye offend thee, pluck it out If it was a hard scripture, it was also sweet and good. A fitting scripture for those who lurked in the doorway shadows of one-night hotels and in the weeds behind bowling alleys. Pluck it out (oh and the nasty music they play) Pluck it (the girls show their underwear how it sweats how it sweats blood) out The Black Forest cuckoo began to strike ten and (cut her guts out on the floor) if thine right eye offend thee, pluck it out The dress was done and she could not watch the television or take out her books or call Nancy on the phone. There was nothing to do but sit on the sofa facing the blackness of the kitchen window and feel some nameless sort of fear growing in her like an infant coming to dreadful term. With a sigh she began to massage her arms absently. They were cold and prickly. It was twelve after ten and there was no reason, really no reason, to feel that the world was coming to an end. The stacks were higher this time, but they still looked exactly the same. Again, three counts were taken to make sure. Then Vic Mooney went to the mike again. He paused a moment, relishing the blue feel of tension in the air, and then announced simply: `Tommy and Carrie win. By one vote.' Dead silence for a moment, then applause filled the hall again, some of it not without satiric overtones. Carrie drew in a startled, smothered gasp, and Tommy again felt (but for only a second) that weird vertigo in his mind (carrie carrie carrie carrie) that seemed to blank out all thought but the name and image of this strange girl he was with. For a fleeting second he was literally scared shitless. Something fell on the floor with a clink, and at the same instant the candle between them whiffed out. Then Josie and the Moonglows were playing a rock version of Pomp and Circumstance, the ushers appeared at their table (almost magically; all this had been rehearsed meticulously by Miss Geer who, according to rumour, ate slow and clumsy ushers for lunch), a sceptre wrapped in aluminium foil was thrust into Tommy's hand, a robe with a lush dog-fur collar was thrown over Carrie's shoulders, and they were being led down the centre aisle by a boy and a girl in white blazers. The band blared. The audience applauded. Miss Geer looked vindicated. Tommy Ross was grinning bemusedly. They were ushered up the steps to the apron, led across to the thrones, and seated. Still the applause swelled. The sarcasm in it was lost now; it was honest and deep, a little frightening. Carrie was glad to sit down. It was all happening too fast. Her legs were trembling under her and suddenly, even with the comparatively high neck of her gown, her breasts (dirtypillows) felt dreadfully exposed. The sound of the applause in her ears made her feel woozy, almost punch-drunk. Part of her was actually convinced that all this was a dream from which she would wake with mixed feeling of loss and relief. Vic boomed into the mike: ‘The King and Queen of the 1979 Spring Ball – Tommy ROSS and Carrie WHITE' Still applause, swelling and booming and crackling. Tommy Ross in the fading moments of his life now, took Carrie's hand and grinned at her, thinking that Suzie's intuition had been very right. Somehow she grinned back. TOMMY (she was right and i love her well i love this one too this carrie she is beautiful and it's right and i love all of them the light the light in her eyes) and Carrie (can't see them the lights are too bright i can hear them but can't see them the shower remember the shower o momma it's too high i think i want to get down o are they laughing and ready to throw things to point and scream with laughter i can't see them i can't see them it's all too bright) and the beam above them. Both bands, in a sudden and serendipitous coalition of rock and brass, swung into the school song. The audience rose to its feet and began to sing, still applauding. It was ten-o-seven. Billy had just flexed his knees to make the Joints pop. Chris Hargensen stood next to him with increasing aura of nervousness. Her hands played aimlessly along the seams of the jeans she had worn and she was biting the softness of her lower lip, chewing at it, making it a little ragged. ‘You think they'll vote for them?, Billy said softly.

List 10 Types of Solids, Liquids, and Gases

List 10 Types of Solids, Liquids, and Gases Naming examples of solids, liquids, and gases is a common homework assignment because it makes you think about phase changes and the states of matter. Examples of Solids Solids are a form of matter that has a definite shape and volume. GoldWoodSandSteelBrickRockCopperBrassAppleAluminum foilIceButter Examples of Liquids Liquids are a form of matter that has a definite volume but no defined shape. Liquids can flow and assume the shape of their container. WaterMilkBloodUrineGasolineMercury (an element)Bromine (an element)WineRubbing alcoholHoneyCoffee Examples of Gases A gas is a form of matter that does not have a defined shape or volume. Gases expand to fill the space they are given. AirHeliumNitrogenFreonCarbon dioxideWater vaporHydrogenNatural gasPropaneOxygenOzoneHydrogen sulfide Phase Changes Depending on the temperature and pressure, the matter may transition from one state into another:Â   Solids may melt into liquidsSolids may sublimate into gases (sublimation)Liquids may vaporize into gasesLiquids may freeze into solidsGases may condense into liquidsGases may deposit into solids (deposition) Increasing pressure and decreasing temperature forces atoms and molecules closer to each other so their arrangement becomes more ordered. Gases become liquids; liquids become solids. On the other hand, increasing temperature and decreasing pressure allows particles to move further apart. Solids become liquids; liquids become gases. Depending on the conditions, a substance may skip a phase, so a solid may become a gas or a gas may become a solid without experiencing the liquid phase.

Where the Heart is essays

Where the Heart is essays Novalee is unlucky. She's seven months pregnant, homeless and headed to California for an unknown reason. Her dreams of houses, family and love seem far away. Willy Jack wants money. He craves boozes, sex and freedom. He finds himself jobless, with a pregnant girlfriend, and a beat up Plymouth destined for California. In the Billie Letts novel, Where the heart is the American dream involves family, friends, and material goods. Both Novalee and Willy Jack are in search of their dreams, the success of which relies on the decision they make along the way. Family is an important part of Novalee's dream. Novalee's childhood was filled with sadness. Her mother deserted her when she was young and thereafter, she bounced between foster homes until she met Willy Jack. In Willy Jack, Novalee believes she finds love. To her disappointment she does not. However, she finds happiness the baby that they made. Her baby becomes center of strength and her good fortune. "She ran her fingers across her navel and thought of the baby attached to the other side of it, imagining it could feel her touch so that it might even reach out to her." Page 53. Americus brings Novalee, the love and family she wants. Willy Jack sees family as an obstacle to pass in achieving his dream. He has a narrow view of his life. He desperately wants money and believes nothing else matters but it. Willy does not realize that he needs the love of others to help him through life. Willy passes up the option of family early on his quest for his dream. He deserts his pregnant girlfriend in the parking lot of a Wal-Mart. Leaving her with only $7.77 and the clothes she is wearing. "She could see herself running, calling his name- the parking space was empty, the Plymouth gone. He was going to California and had left her behind..." Page 16. Willy's desire for money compels him to ditch his family. Novalee cherishes the help and support friends provide du ...

Explain the mechanism of the money multiplier. How can the monetary Essay

Explain the mechanism of the money multiplier. How can the monetary authorities influence its size and the supply of money - Essay Example To this, there will be answering of the study question, â€Å"What is a Money Multiplier?† An economic view will be maintained in this study. The money multiplier is also known as the deposit or the credit multiplier. From the simple point of view, the term multiplier means the magnitude by which money supply expands and this is usually bigger than the rise in the equivalent monetary base. Thus, if the multiplier stands at 20, then it follows that an increase of $1 in the underlying monetary base will lead to a $20 rise in the supply of money. (moneyterms.co.uk, 2011) Money multipliers can be divided into several types. One of these multipliers is the deposit expansion multiplier. This type of multiplier measures by what magnitude money supply can be increased from the original deposit. Thus, the formula that shows how the deposit expansion multiplier works is as under; Where; Reserve requirement is the set deposit reserve for all commercial banks by the equivalent central bank. Taking that the set reserve requirement is 10%, then it follows that the deposit expansion multiplier is Thus, if the one applies the multiplier computed before, and taking that the excess reserves from the original deposit are $800. The potential money supply expansion (M1) is to be determined as follows: M1, which is the sum of the original deposit ($1,000) plus the $16,000 that has been created is, therefore, $17,000. Note that the formula presented is what is usually referred to as the simple money multiplier. (Morton and Goodman, 2003 p197) Under the deposit expansion multiplier there are various assumptions that have to be considered. This is to ensure that the explanations presented make sense. These are with the inclusion of the bank customer’s usage of cheques to pay each other as opposed to usage of cash, banks usually keep a particular deposits’ fraction to take care of the central bank’s reserve

The Philosophy of Buddha Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Philosophy of Buddha - Term Paper Example Buddha taught four basic truths to people: Dukkha, Samudaya, Nirodha, Maggo. Dukkha According to Dukkha, â€Å"Birth is suffering, old age is suffering, disease is suffering, death is suffering, to be united with the unpleasant is suffering, to be separated from the pleasant is suffering, not to receive what one craves for is suffering, in brief the five Aggregates of Attachment are suffering †. Samudaya Samudaya says that â€Å" it is the desire which leads from rebirth to rebirth accompanied by the lust of passion, which delights now here now there; it is the craving for sensual pleasures, for existence and for annihilation†. Nirodha Nirodha says that â€Å"It is the remainderless, total annihilation of this very craving, the forsaking of it, the breaking loose, fleeing, deliverance from it."† Maggo It says that â€Å"It is the Noble Eightfold Path which consists of right understanding, right thoughts, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right endeavor, right mindfulness, and right concentration† From the study of these four truths, we see that their objective is that people should first understand these four truths, and then practically apply the knowledge from their understandings to their lives in order to gain happiness. Real happiness lies within oneself. These four truths can be experienced by people in daily life. Thus Buddhism can be considered as a practical philosophy. Buddha also gave the concept of Karma, according to which, a person’s actions in one age decide his state of existence in next stage. ... h delights now here now there; it is the craving for sensual pleasures (Kamatanha), for existence (Bhavatanha)7 and for annihilation (Vibhavatanha)."" Nirodha Nirodha says that "It is the remainderless, total annihilation of this very craving, the forsaking of it, the breaking loose, fleeing, deliverance from it."" Maggo It says that "It is the Noble Eightfold Path which consists of right understanding, right thoughts, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right endeavor, right mindfulness, and right concentration" 1 Bullen Leonard. Philosophy of Buddhism. 2007. V. Jayaram Buddha From the study of these four truths we see that their objective is that people should first understand these four truths, and then practically apply the knowledge from their understandings to their lives in order to gain happiness. Real happiness lies within oneself. These four truths can be experienced by people in daily life. Thus Buddhism can be considered as a practical philosophy. Buddha also gave the concept of Karma, according to which, a person's actions in one age decide his state of existence in next stage. There are different kinds of people in the world. Some of them face difficulties throughout their lives in spite of hard work and some of them achieve everything in spite of their lazy attitude. Some are born with saintly characteristics and others with criminal tendencies. The question arises, why there is such an inequality in world According to Buddhism this variation is due to our own karma, or in other words, due to the result of our own actions. We ourselves are responsible for our own actions and our state of life. Five Orders of Buddhism Buddhism says that there are five orders (Niyamas) which act on the physical and mental

Microprocessor Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Microprocessor Industry - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that Intel has a competitive advantage creating its brand image; a point that effects from numerous competitive advantages indulging technological, distribution marketing as well as the ownership of Intel manufactures PCs. However, to improve on their value Intel is trying to keep their clients as their priority and promote dynamics on a regular basis to meet the demand of the employers. Product penetration and market penetration is very instrumental as they center on the existing markets. Moreover, relevant diversification for Intel will be a huge triumph especially as they have centered on broadband and portion. In conclusion, Intel has been very instrumental in the microprocessor industry and might have had some lapses last year that it is never too late to correct. The researcher thinks the company should put the customer’s interests at heart to make more sales and avoid what had happened last year when the world was going tablets. This report will analyze the business strategy of Intel Company looking into details at its resources and capabilities. It will also look into the Critical appraisal where the author compares the Intel’s business strategy to the success factors in this industry. The semi-conductor industry lives and perishes- by a simple creed: smaller, cheaper and faster. The advantage of being tiny is simple: finer lines insinuate more transistors can be fixed onto the same chip. The more the number of transistors on the chip the more efficient it is. Thanks in the large chunk to the competition and to new technologies that reduce the cost of production per chip, in just months; the price of a new chip can fall to 50%. As a result, there is a constant pressure exerted on the chipmakers, to improve their chips and come up with something better and more pocket-friendly than what redefined state-of-the-art a few months ago.

White people Essay Example for Free

White people Essay Use the following as a guide. The test covers chapter’s 1-3 plus any supplementary articles or documentaries that were required. This is only a guide. Remember that since this is an open book test, ANY question pertaining to the readings could show up. Be sure to have read thoroughly before beginning the test. Please note that starred items could be included as possible short essays (requiring a 1-2 paragraph response). I also suggest that you go over the discussions as well. Questions pertaining to ideas in the discussions may be included. Chapter 1: Minority group – a subordinate group whose members have significantly less control or power over their own lives than do the members of a dominant or majority group. The five characteristics of a minority or subordinate group are unequal treatment, distinguishing physical or cultural traits, involuntary membership, awareness of subordination, and in-group marriage. *Racial and ethnic groups†¦Why the distinction? A racial group is a group that is socially set apart because of obvious physical differences. Each society defines what would be considered the obvious physical differences. We know for certain one of the most obvious is skin color. Here in our country, we basically use black and white as the color distinction. Other countries use a different distinction because, for example, in one culture, most individuals may be classified as black but they may be various shades of black which is where the racial difference occurs. In the US, many smaller clusters of individuals are categorized as ethnic area which holds a specific ethnic group. For example, South Brunswick has a large Indian population which is to say, Indian’s make up a large ethnic group within the township. New Brunswick could be another example as there is a large community of Hispanics within the town. Whereas the term racial group is primarily used to discuss minorities, the term ethnic group is used to discuss a group of individuals of the same race. Also, racial groups are defined by their physical differences and ethnic groups are defined by their cultures. Using these definitions there is clearly a distinction between the two terms. Why this distinction exists is probably so that society can categorize the individuals they are discussing. What is important is that racial groups are inherently who a person is so although it may be hidden or changed at times based on the individual, a person’s race is who they are. In contrast, an ethnic group can be a group of racial similar people or even religiously similar. So sometimes, an ethnic group can be chosen. *WEB DuBois: The problem of the color line and double consciousness W. E. B. DuBois was an African American sociologist who received a doctorate degree from Harvard and is considered the first black individual to do so. From our text we learn that he was instrumental in the organization of the NAACP which is a prominent organization designed to support the black individuals of society. (Schaefer pg 8). DuBois played a large role in opening up opinions to the disparities and discriminations of the black individuals of our society. Dubois says so very eloquently, â€Å"Let not color or race be a feature of distinction between White and Black men, regardless of worth or ability†¦,† (Schaefer pg 9). When DuBois speaks of color line, he is discussing the differences of races in regards to their color and other physical characteristics. From what I can interpret, DuBois may have developed the term double consciousness when referring to how people see themselves through others eyes. Also, what they see is how they measure their self worth in the grand scheme of society. * Does Race Matter? (p. 10 begin) and the social construction of race Our text answers this question by saying, â€Å"No, but because so many people have for so long acted as if difference in physical characteristics as well as geographic origin and shared culture do matter, distinct groups have been created in people’s minds. † (Schaefer pg 10). Social construction is a sociological term used to describe what opinions society places on particular subjects. In this case, the social construction of race refers to not what a person’s race is but how society perceives the races. â€Å"Race is a social construction, and this process benefits the oppressor, who defines who is privileged and who is not,† (Schaefer pg 12). Basically, we all know there are numerous races that make up our culture but what determines which is the dominate race? It is argued that people in power make those determinations so they are telling everyone which race is superior to the other. Because of these opinions and social construction, yes, race is important. Race could be the difference between success and failure. Our society has not evolved enough to treat all races equally even though our forefathers determined that we all are equal. *Although we learn in grade school to salute the merits of living in the great â€Å"melting pot,† true cultural pluralism has always been more of an ideal than a reality†¦In the U. S. and globally. Explain why by identifying and giving examples of the following patterns of intergroup contact: genocide, expulsion, secession, segregation, amalgamation, assimilation, and pluralism. â€Å"Pluralism implies that various groups in a society have mutual respect for one another’s culture, a respect that allows minorities to express their own culture without suffering prejudice or discrimination,† (Schaefer pg 25). Our text describes this term as an â€Å"ideal† meaning that it is something our society hopes to be able to practice amongst all individuals. However, it is quick to note that it should be more like a â€Å"reality† in the sense that it is something that society is obligated to believe in, (Schaefer pg 26). It can definitely be seen as a conflict within society as individuals may be forced to make opinions based on what is right versus what they may have been taught to believe all their lives. The US is truly a â€Å"melting pot† meaning a society with a variety of cultures and races that make up the whole. Because of this, we have an obligation to respect every different culture as well as every race. Social construction tends to make this a difficult goal to obtain but there are many organizations in place which try to make these gaps smaller. There are many advantages to integrating one culture into another. For example, in my hometown, many of us love to eat sushi. With the uprising of this wonderful food choice, those that are not Asian have been able to dive into the culture through a wonderful eating experience. Another example could be many of the courses offered here at Rutgers. There are courses in Russian literature and Chinese film for example. I would imagine that a large portion of the participants may have some cultural interest but there are many that take these types of classes just to broaden their own experiences. These types of classes could help in making the gap smaller between cultures and could help to improve cultural pluralism. Chapter 2: Ethnocentrism – or the tendency to assume that one’s culture and way of life are superior to all others. This is a form of prejudice and would result in discrimination. Our text describes this (pg34) as a motivating factor behind some criminal acts. *Prejudice and Discrimination – Prejudice is a negative attitude toward an entire category of people. For example, the Klu Klux Klan who we were exposed to in the CP Ellis story was extremely prejudice against blacks. Another example would be Nazi germany and Hitler’s prejudice again jewish people. Showing both of these examples also give us a look at some of the most horrendous hate crimes in human history. Discrimination is the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice or for other arbitrary reasons. Whereas prejudice is an attitude, discrimination is an action. For example, if someone says they don’t like a person because they are black, that is prejudice. If that same person refuses to allow the black individual into their restaurant, that is discrimination. Our society has had some severe cases of both of these and we are still struggling to overcome some of the cruelties of the past. Unfortunately, these actions didn’t die off in the past, I think they have just become less obvious. Merton and LaPiere Studies – Robert Merton showed that prejudice and discrimination are related to each other but are not the same. He gives 4 types of people when discussing this issue and they are, â€Å"unprejudiced nondiscriminatory (all weather liberal), unprejudiced discriminator (reluctant liberal), prejudiced nondiscriminatory (timid bigot), and prejudiced discriminator (all weather bigot),† (Schaefer pg 36). I can immediately tell from the descriptions that the final one would be the most severe because the implications to the term show that this individual is always in a mode that is highly discriminatory. I would agree with these categories mostly based on personal observations and knowing some people that do have tendencies to be discriminatory. Merton’s is saying that not all individuals’ personal opinions and attitudes toward other should be construed as negative behavior as well. The LaPiere study was about half a century ago and â€Å"exposed the relationship between racial attitudes and social conduct,† (Schaefer pg 37). What LaPiere did was travel with a Chinese couple and observes if the racial attitudes he expected or were historically evident actually occurred. His conclusion was that it wasn’t apparent all the time. This could show that people tend to be polite in person but what they say or do in private is another situation. *Theories of prejudice: Scapegoating theory, Authoritarian Personality, Exploitation theory, Normative approach – Scapegoating says that prejudiced people believe they are society’s victims. They blame what bad things happen to them or other misfortunes on people of a different race. Again, the CP Ellis story we read later our lessons was a perfect example. CP Ellis felt he was given a very hard life and has suffered not only with personal troubles but also money issues. He wanted to blame someone and his association with his father and the Klan made it easy for him to blame the blacks. Authoritarian Personality is â€Å"a psychological construct of a personality type likely to be prejudiced and to use others as scapegoats,† (Schaefer pg 39). So, using the same previous example, it could be said the CP Ellis’ suffers from authoritarian personality because his actions of using the blacks as scapegoats. Exploitation theory is, â€Å"a Marxist theory that views racial subordination in the US as a manifestation of the class system inherent in capitalism,† (Schaefer pg 39). It is to say that in the jungle there is a food chain, the lion eats the rabbit that eats the mice, etc. Within current society, it is expected that there are different classes of individuals and some who will say this is a necessary part of life. It is unfortunate that sometimes this class system reflects on a specific racial group. The normative approach is, â€Å"the view that prejudice is influenced by societal norms and situations that encourage or discourage the tolerance of minorities,† (Schaefer pg 40). This is a very important concept because it shows that a lot of the actions and opinions of people that are discriminatory get that way because they are taught that or they grow up in an atmosphere of prejudice. Again, CP Ellis grew up with a Klan father so it was only natural that he developed some of these tendencies as well. What is even more significant is being able to recognize all these theories and to combat their existence with education. Some individuals may be beyond help but many can learn to change given the right education. Stereotypes and Racial Profiling – Stereotypes are unreliable generalizations about all members of a group that do not take individual differences into account. For example, Hitler did not care how much or little Jewish heritage an individual had when he systematically exterminated millions, he only cared that a drop of Jewish blood ran through their veins. He didn’t care about the persons contributions to society or their intelligence. Part of this concept of stereotyping is a term called racial profiling which is any arbitrary police initiated action based on race, ethnicity, or natural origin rather than a person’s belief. We see many news reports about this very subject where police use unnecessary force or violence just because of a person’s race. A â€Å"post racial† era? Color-blind racism – Color-blind racism refers to the use of race-neutral principles to defend the racially unequal status quo. One example the book gives is how Asian’s are rarely used in feature films except where martial arts is also highlighted. Postracialism is a common theme and is another tem used to describe color-blind racism. Other terms are laissez-faire and aversive racism. *Reducing prejudice (p. 48 begin) – The question remains after all these discussions, can prejudice be reduced? Our text suggests many different ways in which it is possible to treat and educate those who practice prejudicial attitudes. For example, education, mass media, avoidance versus friendship, and corporate response (diversity training). The education portion of reducing prejudice would be in the form of programs and conferences designed at teaching people what to look for, ways to combat the situations and additional training that could be passed on. For example, we viewed the video about Jane Eliott’s school. Her program with small children appears to be groundbreaking and based on the follow up with the student’s years later, also successful. Another important tool is mass media. For example, in my previous women study classes I was exposed to the way the media shows women. There are a excessive amount of commercials featuring women as the cook, cleaner, and childcare provider however very limited showing a man in the same roles. There have been advances however and our text discusses one such TV show called The Cosby’s which had a huge television audience which included all races, not just black as all the characters on the show were, (Schaefer pg 49). The next area is avoidance versus friendship. This discusses the social distance scale by Robert Park and Ernest Burgess which â€Å"asks people how willing they would be to interact with various racial and ethnic groups in specified social situations,† (Schaefer pg 51). The importance of this study is to show the patterns that become evident particularly within the White American and Europeans. This is an example of the Social Distance Scale. There was another scale mentioned called the Equal Status Contact which states, â€Å"intergroup contact between people of equal status in harmonious circumstances will cause them to become less prejudiced and to abandon previously held stereotypes,† (Schaefer pgs 51-52). Therefore, by incorporating more fun and interesting activities that are not racially motivated, the pattern of prejudice could be learned to be reduced. What do you think about Jane Eliott’s efforts at reducing prejudice (presented in the documentary A Class Divided)? What are the strengths and weaknesses of her methods? What else might you suggest? Jane Elliott’s efforts in the documentary we watched for class should be applauded. It was interesting to note that the town where Jane worked as a teacher was primarily white Christian and to this day, that status hasn’t changed much. However, Jane continues to give her lesson on prejudice and it appears to be particularly helpful. When the students of one class were interviewed years later after watching themselves in the documentary, it was fascinating to see how emotional they were. Even years later, the lesson was felt very deeply. The strengths would be the instant feelings of rejection on the children. But the weakness could be that they may recognize it is not a real situation. Also, if the lessons taught are not encouraged at home or within their community, it may not make a difference. Although starting young is particularly important, I would propose all family members be exposed to the lesson. The documentary mentioned how the concepts used were taken into the work force within a conference type atmosphere. Although adults do react the same, I personally do not see the impact as much as I did with the small children. That may be because as we get older, we get tougher in our emotions and it could be hard to break old habits. Chapter 3: *Total discrimination – â€Å"Discrimination is the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice or for other arbitrary reasons,† (Schaefer pg 61). I think in the US we recognize that there is discrimination but many choose to believe that they are incapable of it or that it is not as horrible as people may make it out to be. Total discrimination is a more recent concept which is, â€Å"current discrimination operating in the labor market and past discrimination,† (Schaefer pg 62). It is saying that because of particular items in a person’s past like education and social status, individuals are discriminated against in the work place. That discrimination can show itself in such areas as hiring, advancement and even pay scales. It is not something that is randomly made up but an actual occurrence. For example, someone who was not provided a decent education because of their social status or ethnic group would have difficulty finding advanced employment. In current day, employers won’t even look at a person unless they have a full four year degree or higher. Many individuals just aren’t able to take advantage of that type of education. Hate Crimes – when a victim is selected because of certain characteristics such as race, ethnicity, religion or sexual orientation. We see numerous hate crimes in the news almost daily. The Rutgers campus recently became a focal point of a perceived hate crime when Tyler Clementi, a student at Rutgers, committed suicide after his roommates posted him in gay videos. *Institutional discrimination (Why is institutional discrimination considered more important than the everyday discrimination of individuals? ) – This form of discrimination â€Å"is the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups that result from the normal operations of society,† (Schaefer pg 65). This is particularly important because it goes to the root of functioning as an average human being within society. One example mentioned is that IQ tests are geared towards middle class white American children therefore any other child taking the test would be at a disadvantage before even answering the questions. If everyone starts out on an even playing field and then points are taken away for items that cannot be mastered, then society may be working towards treating every individual equally. But this isn’t the case. When a hard working Hispanic man who has been in his employment for 20 years is denied credit or needs additional collateral when compared to a hard working white man, this type of discrimination is inexcusable because it comes from a person’s perception not from what abilities they may or may not have. Measuring discrimination (p.66 begin) – There are many ways in which society measures discrimination. For example, economics is probably the most prevalent as it is the easiest to examine and study. The chart in our text shows that median incomes vary quite a bit depending on a person’s race, ethnicity and even gender. What is particularly interesting to me, but not surprising, is that white American males do not hold the highest title any longer. This now goes to the group of Asian American men within society. Although the salaries are higher, the statistics haven’t changed much. Hispanics and Native Americans still fall on the lowest end of the economic tier. *Civil Rights Act of 1964 – â€Å"Prohibited discrimination in public accommodations such as hotels, motels, restaurants, gas stations and amusement parks. Publicly owned facilities such as parks, stadiums and swimming pools also prohibited from discriminating. Also forbade discrimination in all federally supported programs and institutions such as hospitals, colleges and road construction projects. Since then there have been numerous amendments because as times change, so does the need for the Act to change. (pg 69) Redlining – African Americans, Latinos, and other fall victim to redlining or the pattern of discrimination against people trying to buy homes in minority and racially changing neighborhoods. *Why does the text author make the distinction between income and wealth? â€Å"Income refers to salaries and wages, and wealth is a more inclusive term that encompasses all of a person’s material assets including land, stocks and other types of property,† (Schaefer pg 71). I feel the main reason for the distinction is because many individuals of specific ethnic groups cannot obtain property, sometimes even regardless of the income they make. Because of this, for some individuals, wealth may not be a possibility. *Environmental justice – Refers to the efforts to ensure that hazardous substances are controlled so that all communities receive protection regardless of race or socioeconomic circumstance. (Schaefer pg 72-73). Affirmative action – Affirmative action is the positive effort to recruit subordinate-group members, including women, for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities. (Schaefer pg 73). It was a phrased coined by President John F. Kennedy calling all to the cause of making sure that applicants were treated properly and fairly during all stages of the interview through employment process. Reverse discrimination – is an emotional term because it conjures up the notion that somehow women and minorities will subject white men in the US to the same treatment received by minorities during the last three centuries. (Schaefer pg 76) Glass Ceiling – Refers to the barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified worker because of gender or minority membership. (Schaefer pg 78). *Be able to discuss the article on CP Ellis.. What led to his involvement in the Klan and what led to his denunciation of it? What factors led to the change? What made CP Ellis join the Klan? What made him change? Why is this relevant today? Does CP’s account support any of the theories we have read about in this section (for example, scapegoat theory on page 38 of our textbook or the contact hypothesis on page 51)? What role does the economy play in shaping intergroup relations? (You can speculate on this last one†¦) The story of CP Ellis was particularly interesting because of the evolution his life took. I think there were many reasons that guided CP Ellis into the paths he choose in life. For example, he had a rough upbringing and then when he was married and had his own children, he suffered a lot as well. It appears his life was a constant struggle to survive while he worked extremely hard to support his family. The moment that the Klan came into his life was when he was at his service station observing Klan members. They would come in talking once a week and they approached him to join the group with them. He was immediately interested because he felt his current struggles needed to be blamed on someone and who better, in his opinion, then the black people. This came natural to him because he was familiar with the Klan from his father. I feel that his attitudes began to change when he started to notice that the government was discriminating against all people, not just blacks. He started to understand what those in power were doing to every citizen and it was a real eye opener. One of the theories we discussed during this section is called scapegoat theory. â€Å"Scapegoating theory says that prejudiced people believe they are society’s victims,† (Schaefer pg 38). I can definitely see the correlation between this theory and CP Ellis’ feelings towards black people. He needed to blame someone for his troubles and the hard times he was experiencing so he selected the group of individuals that he had grown up feeling negatively against. The root meaning of scapegoating is that it is more convenient to blame another individual then to take responsibility for a person’s own short comings. Intergroup relations are how we look at ourselves and how we look at others and the way that different groups interact with each other within society. I feel that the economy plays a huge role in intergroup relations because some races and ethnic groups are not only defined by the color of their skin but also by their social class. Intergroup relations focus on the comparisons of groups based on many aspects including economic ones. Even as an outsider speculating on this subject, it is easy to see that under many circumstances, black individuals are stereotypically placed in a different economic level than many white individuals are. It is some of these types of opinions that historically have caused animosity amongst difference ethnic groups. Unit 9: Week 3 Some notes on the Social Construction of Race Notes on The One-Drop-Rule and the Social Construction of Race 2/4/2013 Eleanor LaPointe (Note that many of the ideas below were presented by you in Discussion B last week. This is a synopsis with perhaps a few additional ideas. ) The idea of race does not come from biology. It started in Europe as Europeans moved out across the world and found that they needed a way to control people as they took over their land or enslaved or exterminated them. The invention of scientific racism was one of the most effective weapons devised to conquer and subjugate. Carolus Linnaeus was a botanist in the 1700s (from Norway, I believe). He is credited with the first scientific classification of humans into groups now called races. He wanted to classify humans in the same way that clams, flowers, and insects were classified. But, he wasnt just an objective nonpartisan scientist. He classified in a particular wayone that put his group on top and all others below. The result was the beginnings of a scientifically-backed hierarchical ordering of people. It should be mentioned that even during Linnaeuss time, the ideas he put forth were highly contested. That is, not everyone agreed. In fact many disagreed, including scientists like the German physiologist Blumenbach who felt that no real differences existed between people and that any visible differences were superficial. However, Linnaeuss ideas were more successfully incorporated into popular ideologies (or mythologies) because they supported the dominate group need to justify growing inequalities at the time. That is, the idea of race allowed oppressors to define who was privileged and who was not. Since this time, how humans have been categorized has changed a lot and there is much variation from place to place. How a Race is defined at any given time depends on an arbitrary set of features chosen to suit the labelers purposes or biases or both. A good example is how U. S. laws concerning the definition of race have been used. Early on in the U. S. the question became: How to define or draw the line? This is an ongoing question. But in any case, from state to state, there was very little consistency in terms of how race would be defined. Some segregation-era artifacts include: Missouri: 1/8 or more Negro blood was the criterion. Georgia: The term white person shall include only persons of the white race, who have no ascertainable trace of either Negro, African, Western Indian, Asiatic Indian, Mongolian, Japanese or Chinese blood in their veins. Virginia: Had a similar law but with exceptions. A person could have a little Indian or African blood. Arent these old laws though Actually, some are still on the books and have been upheld as recently as 1982. Louisiana is a good example. In this state, the 1/32 law was actually created in 1971 (prior to this, a persons race classification was less formal). On September of 1982, Susie Phipps obtained her birth certificate and was surprised to find that it listed her as black. At the age of 49, she had always thought she was white! She brought the matter to court and requested it be changed, but the state/court objected after being shown an 11-generation family tree with ancestors who included an early eighteenth-century black slave and a white plantation owner. The court claimed that she was 3/32 blackenough to make her black under state law. What is interesting is that the state of Louisiana could have decided that this law was outdated law and of no use anymore, but it did not! The bottom line is that historically, as now, where black and white begins and ends depends on who is doing the defining and for what purpose. Moreover, if you are raised in the U. S. , it is nearly impossible to escape the fix that race has on how we think about ourselves and others. No matter how it is used these days, it is important to keep in mind the origins of these ideas and institutionalized practices: as a set of justifications in a hierarchical system allowing the privileged to reduce competition for valued resources. For ideas on the social construction of race in other countries, see chapter 16 in our text.