Mass Media and Violent Behavior among Adolescents Essay

Violent scenes have become extremely commonplace among different forms of mass media that is available to the public. However, the rise of many heinous crimes committed by individuals who have been reported to patronize different mass media which contain excessive violence have made many behavioral psychologists and other researchers to see if there is a direct relationship between the extensive exposure of violence in different types of mass media and the development of violent behavior among adolescents. This paper aims to provide relevant information that while there is a direct relationship between the exposure of violent scenes in mass media and the development of violent behavior among adolescents, there are a number of other factors which need to be present in order for exposure to violent scenes in mass media to cause an adolescent to exemplify violent behavioral patterns. The paper would present a brief overview of the growth of popularity of violent scenes in different types of mass media. It would then provide factual incidences which have caused behavioral psychologists and other researchers to search for the relationship of increased exposure to violence in mass media and the development of violent behavior among adolescents as well as the different factors that an adolescent must already possess in order for such a direct relationship to occur. Violence as Entertainment Since the ancient times, violence has proven to be a popular form of entertainment in almost every culture in the world. These violent forms of entertainment range from viewing animals engaging in combat with each other, to various forms of entertainment where two individuals would need to physically compete and defeat the other in order to be claimed as the winner. Over the centuries, violence has remained a popular form of entertainment to the masses. It is presently used in computer video games, movies and television (Felson 1996). Crimes Linked to Violent Forms of Mass Media Recently, there has been a rise of a number of various heinous crimes committed by various individuals who have been noted to have become frequently exposed to various kinds of mass media which have been known to contain excessively graphic violent scenes. In 1993, two 11-year old boys where charged for the murder of a two-year old toddler named James Bulger by beating the young toddler to death along a railway track. This resulted to a number of various journalists to speculate that the violent nature of the crime and the violent behavior inert of these young boys were a result of them watching Child’s Play III, a horror film which was released during this time (Holland 2001). Perhaps the most popular case where behavioral psychologists and other researchers have theorized that violent scenes from different types of mass media leads to violent behavior, especially among adolescents, was on April 20, 1999. On this day, two teenagers who have been known to be fans of various violent video games and films which have been eventually discovered in the rooms of the two teenagers who had committed the crime before killing themselves with self-inflicted gunshots (Roy 2002). This was led to a number of research studies to be conducted in relation to the influence of violent scenes found in different forms of mass media and the development of violent behavior, particularly among the youth. The results of these research studies were then published in numerous peer-viewed journals and newspapers in order to make the public aware of the direct relationship between heavy exposures to violent scenes found in different forms of media have caused many adolescent to exemplify and exhibit violent forms of behavior towards each other (Gauntlett 2001). Contention to the Study Over the past few years, many research studies have been published which actually contend the belief that extreme exposure of violent scenes in different forms of mass media to have a direct influence to the development of violent behavior among adolescents. While these research studies do not disregard exposure to violent scenes in mass media can induce the development of violent behavior among adolescents, research studies have stipulated that there are other factors that contribute to this. One is the exposure of the adolescents to other acts of violence that have not been viewed through mass media. An adolescent, according to these research studies, can also develop violent acts of behavior by being exposed to various acts of violence that occur within the community the adolescent belongs. Among these are exposure to domestic violence and gang violence, which commonly occur within communities which have a low income socio-economic status (Jipguep & Sanders-Phillips 2003). Another is the presence of psychological distress. Adolescents who have been diagnosed or exhibit symptoms of anxiety and depression brought about by acts of alienation and other forms of victimization brought about by their peers and other individuals would also induce violent behavior to be exhibited by these adolescents. This was the case of the two Columbine High School shooters who have been subjected to alienation and acts of bullying from their fellow classmates (Jipguep & Sanders-Phillips 2003; Roy 2002). Conclusion Aggression and other forms of violent behavior may be triggered by violent scenes found in different types of mass media adolescents are able to access today. However, it has been determined that an adolescent must possess other characteristics and traits for violent scenes from mass-media to trigger violence among adolescents. Some of these include and adolescent’s exposure to acts of violence at home or within his or her community as well as oppressive acts towards these adolescents by their peers. It is for this reason that researchers and medical professionals are now able to explain why exposure to violent scenes in mass media does not affect all adolescents in terms of triggering violence. References Felson, R. B. (1996). Mass media effects on violent behavior. Annual review of sociology, 22, 103-28. Gauntlett, D. (2001). The worrying influence of ‘media effects’ studies. In M. Barker (Ed. ), Ill effects: the media/violence debate (pp. 47-62). New York: Routledge. Holland, P. (2001). Living for libido; or ‘child’s play IV’: the imagery of childhood and the call for censorship. In M. Barker (Ed. ), Ill effects: the media/violence debate (pp. 78- 86). New York: Routledge. Jipguep, M. C. & Sanders-Phillips, K. (2003). The context of violence for children of color: violence in the community and in the media. The journal of Negro education, 72(4), 379-95. Roy, J. M. (2002). Love to hate: America’s obsession with hatred and violence. New York: Columbia University Press.

Students Reflective Analysis Applied Management Project Writing Process Education Essay

In the broadest sense brooding analysis is the study where pupil ‘s contemplations on the AMP ( Applied Management Project ) composing procedure, the pupil ‘s sensed public presentation, outlooks, and lessons learnt can be expressed. This is based on treating the cognition and feelings during and after the completion of the thesis instead than merely merely looking at the past events and recapping everything without supplying any analysis. However, in order to go a brooding scholar the qualities that are basically needed are unfastened mindedness and committedness to alter by recognizing personal prejudice. Contemplation on the work done is a critical accomplishment to be learnt that may be easy applied in future life state of affairss whilst working or transporting out some undertakings. By looking back and critically analyzing the events that took topographic point merely so you can measure your work and place the countries in your personality that demand betterment. Acerate leaf to state that brooding study would be uncomplete without acknowledging the failings and supplying the drawbacks as the experience from the undertaking is non expected to be perfect. Additionally, it has to be mentioned that this brooding analysis study non merely includes personal experiences and the accomplishments learnt from the undertaking but it besides includes lessons that can be applied in the future undertakings. Hence, this indicates that contemplation is the nucleus of a womb-to-tomb acquisition procedure as merely by analyzing the experiences we can larn from them.Remembrance of ExperiencesThe experiences from this undertaking can be easy compared to the rollercoaster with the outlooks, the temper every bit good as enthusiasm invariably traveling up and down. To get down with, the aggregation the subjects itself was the experience that did non go forth me apathetic. This was preceded with the expectancy and the anxiousness that the subject of our group would be interesting ne'er minding the fact that it might be hard one. The outlook was to acquire interesting subject. The rubric of the subject received was ‘The Feasibility of Selling to the World ‘s Poor by the Multinational Organizations as a Means of Poverty Alleviation ‘ and it was met with the content from the group members intending that it is a good, interesting and really relevant subject to the group members as some of them come from hapless African or Asiatic states. However, my primary ideas about the subject were non every bit positive as I would hold imagined they would be. However, the following twenty-four hours was spent reading the given articles and brainstorming as it was suggested by the coachs and it proved to be of great value. This enlightened me as I started to understand more about the subject and the demands of the undertaking. This enabled me to try to place the possible purposes and aims of such subject that could be set to be achieved in AMP undertaking. Additionally, in order to keep the records of the events and for better, more in-depth contemplation maintaining the notes of specific occurrences, experiences or thoughts that came into my head allowed me to look at them subsequently with the different position and to critically measure in order to understand what I have learnt from those experiences. This suggestion by the lectors to maintain notes proved to be really helpful in order to reflect on the experiences and learn from them. Apart from maintaining the journal of the events for the brooding analysis, separate journal was created for literature reappraisal which was the chief portion of the undertaking. As in my old studies I ne'er used to maintain a journal of different studies, articles, books that are needed in order to compose the study. This was done merely by taking all the relevant stuffs and analyzing them at the same clip instead than maintaining the notes of the beginnings. Due to the enormousness of this AMP undertaking maintaining the journal of mention beginnings was indispensable portion of the literature reappraisal in order to use them expeditiously at the phases of composing the undertaking. Generating separate worksheet and spliting the columns into four parts ( beginning, writer, page, sum-up of information ) allowed me to easy track the beginnings in the literature reappraisal subdivision of the undertaking. It non merely enabled me to be more organized but more significantly it proved to be clip salvaging activity. Another major portion of AMP undertaking that required developing peculiar scheme was creative activity of selling program for selling to the hapless. This seemed to be particularly hard undertaking as there is more literature available about assisting the hapless through assorted assistance organisations instead than selling to the hapless as a mean of poorness relief. This different attack to poverty relief was initiated by the transnational companies merely in recent old ages therefore the handiness of good beginning stuff on this affair was instead scarce. This factor created the feeling of defeat. However, alternatively of seeking to happen published stuffs the determination was made to seek on the web sites of big transnational companies and to seek for the information about poorness relief undertakings that they are set abouting. This enlightenment provided me with legion instance surveies and studies from the web sites straight and suggested the possible market and merchandis e that could do great impact in poorness relief in hapless countries. This is when the important determination about the feasibleness of selling irrigation pumps to the hapless in Africa was made. Having decided on the merchandise that I believed to be of paramount demand in African states I had to happen the state that this merchandise will be sold in. After long hours of research into the most suited market the determination was made to sell irrigation pumps in Uganda where state has adequate rainfall during the twelvemonth and adequate lakes and rivers but the husbandmans are non able to capture and use this H2O in field irrigation, therefore, holding over 32 million of cultivable land laying untapped. This seemed as perfect merchandise for their market in order to spread out the concern and relieve the poorness. Having examined the cardinal phases of the AMP development the following portion of the study provides the feelings and experiences during and after each of these stages with the designation of the lessons learnt.Personal Feelingss and Learning from the ExperienceAs it has already been mentioned AMP experience was ne'er stable during the whole procedure. Personally, I saw this subject as ill-defined and instead hard as I did non cognize a batch about the NGOs or other assistance organisations in poorness relief procedure non even adverting the fact that I would hold to move as a adviser for the transnational company that aspires to sell to the hapless in order to relieve poorness. Not merely I felt confused about the subject but worried every bit good. Thus, after reading legion subjects sing poorness relief the assurance and exhilaration returned to me. However, the exhilaration about the subject diminished as I began to understand the wideness of the subject. However, this experien ce is positive as it demonstrated that in the hereafter the things should be expected with a more realistic attack and taken more carefully. The undertakings that ab initio appear either hard or easy may non be as they seem to be one time you start reading relevant stuffs. This foremost required broader reading around the subject country and brainstorming while researching. Merely so it was possible to construct a more realistic attack and cut down the possibility of undertaking failure every bit good as to understate the emphasis degree that was received due to miss of apprehension. After reading legion articles and diaries I learnt how to choose chiefly the beginnings that are relevant. Due to huge handiness of secondary informations ( journal articles, authorities studies, instance surveies, researches, etc. ) on the issues of poorness and poorness relief some of the articles seemed to be relevant judgment from the rubric whilst the information inside the article was non truly relevant to the subject given. Therefore, this needed to develop effectual method of choosing the right articles. After reading several articles I noticed the form of the articles that are relevant and the 1s that are non. The usage of CRAP ( currency, dependability, authorization, intent of the beginning ) trial suggested by the University of Bedfordshire librarian Peter Godwin helped greatly in choosing the right beginnings for the undertaking. Besides the accomplishments mentioned above I distinguished more of them that I learnt while making this undertaking: Self direction and motive. As thesis is unsupervised undertaking unlike the undergraduate thesis this allowed me to larn from this experience the ways to self manage and actuate myself by giving some wagess to myself after each phase of thesis was complete and on clip. Team effectivity. This is indispensable accomplishment that I have learnt as it is the footing of the success in squad work. The ability to work efficaciously within a squad has helped me a batch in seeking to happen solutions to assorted issues and is greatly appreciated by the directors in future employment. This besides showed that the ability to portion the cognition within a squad is invaluable. In add-on to this, I learnt to work efficaciously in a group in a clip constrained state of affairs. Problem work outing. Having faced with assorted jobs during AMP such as clip direction, motive, etc. allowed me to understand how good I can get by in the unplanned state of affairss in the hereafter. Planing and organization/Project direction accomplishments. This is the accomplishment that I acquired in the initial phases of the undertaking and proved to be non merely utile but clip economy every bit good. Always seeing myself as instead organized individual during AMP undertaking I learnt the ways to better these accomplishments ( note pickings, clip direction ) . Furthermore, I learnt how to be specific and efficient by stipulating the country of the survey and puting the boundaries. In this sense, planning and organisation is really valuable lesson for future undertakings. Self analyzing and rating. This is closely connected to self direction and motive as it is the accomplishment which demonstrates how good one can concentrate on the undertaking and work systematically to accomplish set ends. Furthermore, the ability to measure the success in the undertaking is indispensable portion of any undertaking. The country of self contemplation appeared to be rather new to me as I seldom tried to measure my old undertakings These the nucleus accomplishments carry important function in the future undertakings every bit good as employment because the employers look how you adapt the accomplishments that you province you have in different state of affairss. In brief this undertaking taught me: Better clip maintaining pattern. Better note pickings and summarising pattern. Better acquisition and group work pattern. All this gives valuable lesson which will be really utile at ulterior old ages in life while working on some undertaking in the company or merely working with some people that are from different background. Besides prove that sharing the thoughts is valuable.Group Dynamics and Learning from the ExperienceThis experience turned into good acquisition pattern as sharing cognition among the group members provides the ability to analyze the affairs from different position. Then you can reflect on what you where chiefly believing about the subject and what you think now after the group meetings and compare how this cognition has changed. I ever thought that single studies or undertakings have to be done on single footing significance that you merely see composing down merely your personal ideas or thoughts. But by making so I may be disregarding the thoughts of the others as they might believe in wholly different manner and would non accept my thoughts. Therefore, the first phase of AMP un dertaking as being group work has given really valuable lesson. I became more cognizant of the benefits of sharing the thoughts among group members. Given that most of the group members come from different civilizations and different backgrounds it implies that with different degrees of cognition allow the thoughts to be shared and reflected upon from many different positions. Team work was non something wholly unfamiliar to me as we managed to garner really difficult working group members since the first talks of Postgraduate surveies. This has proved to be really dedicated and difficult working group in many occasions when fixing group works. Therefore, without any vacillation the same group was formed for AMP undertaking with the add-on of other 4 member as the groups had to be of formed of 8 people. Even though we still were in our little group of 4 that we have known each other for about a twelvemonth, we were able to broaden our heads with the other group members. This turned out to be even more productive than we thought because all the other 4 members were from Africa, therefore, the issues of poorness were their mundane life back place. In this sense, the determination has been made to concentrate on the states of Africa so that we would be able to hear from the primary beginning the effectivity or non effectivity of assorted assistance organisati ons in African states. In this sense, they were able to portion of import information about the poorness relief in Africa and the methods that work and the 1s that do non. Furthermore, we were able to hold really productive treatments because for most of us the things that we thought were true turned out to be merely superficial imitation of poorness relief and normally enduring for some short term. This enable us to reflect on the thoughts that we ab initio were traveling to discourse in our undertaking and to explicate the purposes and aims in a better manner. In this sense we were able to oppugn the given stuffs better and with the more existent to life position. This is because the research was based simply on the secondary research and we could non travel to Africa transport out the research and see what methods work and what do non so the possibility of holding group members who come from African parts was truly honoring for our group. In add-on to group work group kineticss was non something that we have ne'er encountered before as we had legion undertakings prior to this 1. However, in this group due to it being larger and due to the importance of the undertaking it was possible to detect the behaviors that were non seen before. Some group members felt demotivated, others felt scared of the importance this undertaking was transporting. Therefore, more statements and fluctuations of thoughts could be observed as compared to smaller group that we had before. Hence, some group members thought that it is better to work on their ain and non to listen to the assortment of sentiments. But for me personally group work ever was and ever will be the set where I can larn from the others and I can portion my ideas with the others as good. I seldom relied merely on my personal sentiment when it comes to making undertakings or studies, therefore, I was ever seeking for person that I could portion my thoughts with and to acquir e some different penetration while hearing other individual ‘s sentiment. This is for a really simple ground. If 9 people are stating one thing and one is stating another it is really improbable that those 9 people can be incorrect. Even if there are instances that we had conflicting thoughts group work allows to come up with some sort of solution that is normally suited for everyone. However, to be a successful member of the group is ne'er easy as you have to oppugn yourself invariably whether you contribute sufficiently, whether they see you as a valuable member of the group or whether you gain more from the group work instead than being on your ain. Chapman ( 2006 ) in his surveies states that group work is one of the most of import factors in today ‘s society as this proves to do work more efficient and increases productiveness. This thought is farther elaborated by Brodbeck and Greitemeyer ( 2000 ) proposing that the interaction within the group allows to develop new thoughts every bit good as to critically measure the bing 1s. The possibility to portion the thoughts and complement on each other has ever attracted me as this allows me to larn something new, to rectify myself if my perceptual experiences are incorrect and to portion my cognition with the others. I have ever seen the group work as a better manner to success in comparing to single work. In add-on to this, Forsyth ( 1999 ) supports the thought of group work instead than members working individually.Lessons for Future UndertakingsDespite the fact that I have learnt legion lessons while transporting out the undertaking there are still certain countries that need to be improved and applied in future undertakings or group activities. These can be suggested as followers: Open mindedness to the thoughts and suggestions expressed by the group members. Accept the unfavorable judgment and learn from it. Better clip direction. Improve consciousness of contemplation on the events. These are the activities that I personally found disputing to accept and alter my attitude towards them. Therefore, they are the 1s that I will try to better in future undertakings.DecisionsAs this study suggests the brooding analysis of the events and experiences is the key to life larning procedure as it allows acquiring deeper penetrations into the experiences and bettering on them. This brooding study non merely included the events that took topographic point while set abouting AMP undertaking but it besides revealed the failings of my personality every bit good as provided with some valuable lessons for the future undertakings. The first subdivision of this study presents the assorted phases of AMP whilst other subdivisions provide with the lessons learnt and the personal feelings at every phase of the undertaking. Besides reflecting on my personal experiences this study besides gives the contemplation on group kineticss as group work was one of the initial phases of the underta king. It has been suggested that group work is perceived as more productive attack to work leting to portion the thoughts among other members of the group. Overall, this study suggests that set abouting AMP undertaking was a really practical experience which awarded with legion lessons for the future undertakings.

The Role of Audit Committee Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

The Role of Audit Committee - Essay Example The audit committee's role is equally important in both the private and public sector. The effectiveness of the audit committee, the various flaws and inconsistencies in their functions and theoretical underpinnings are all considered along with examples of corporate collapses due to audit committee faults. Audit committees' role in the United Kingdom's Parliamentary system of government stems from the concept of apt management and responsible expenditures considering that taxpayers' money constitutes the capital that must be appropriated for public services (Hollingsworth, and White 1999). So, all disbursements must be within the constitutional provisions of the legislative system. Relatively, legislated protocols are in placed to ensure consistency, and to avoid corrupt practices that may lead to waste. In addition to the department of budget, the office of the commission on audit was created to oversee and assure legitimate expenditures and to avoid deficits as much as possible. Chances are high, that the members of the audit committee are certified public accountants and lawyers considering the nature of the role that the audit committee plays in the configuration of appropriate budget consistent with interpreted laws. As far as audit committee role in the Parliament is concerned, the U... The set of legal rules are contained in the Supply procedure documents. Normally, an annual audit report is submitted to the legislative body at the end of the fiscal year (Hollingsworth, and White 1999). In the preparation of an annual budget that will cover expenditures for the subsequent fiscal year, the bureaucracy's independent subdivisions perform three general standard functions: 1) set the budget allocation for the year; 2) rank expenditures according to importance; 3) at the release of an approved budget for disbursement, asses, evaluate, and audit the values of the supposed expenditures. Subsequently, after the documents are submitted to the executive department, the senior management will collate and prepare to support the tentative annual budget. This annual budget will then be submitted by the senior management to the parliament. The legislative body will deliberate on the budget extensively prior to endorsement. Consequently, whatever part of the budget appropriation is found substantive the legislative body will cast their ballot on it, making the same available for disbursement. 4) Finally, after all the funds appropriated were approved and disbursed according to the p lan, the accounting commission will issue a corresponding report which will be dully evaluated by the audit commission for proprietary considerations (Hollingsworth, and White 1999). However, the "constitutional analysis, especially by lawyers, has tended to underplay the significance of audit, especially the role of the Comptroller & Auditor General (Deloitte & Touche, 2009) and National Audit Office in the accountability of government" (Hollingsworth, and White 1999). Audit Committee

Annotated Bibliography Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Annotated Bibliography - Research Paper Example The web also helps in the presentation of the relevant information to the people participating in the research work. The article studies 22 traits in various genes and identification of the novel relations for the hair morphology. The studies have revealed that most of the human, physical characteristics such as hair morphology can indeed be inherited from the parent organisms. A survey had been carried out for many people, and together with the company’s examinations, participants revealed associations in certain Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs). Sheka, Sri N. et al. (2008). Linkage and Association Analysis of Spectrophotometrically Quantified Hair Color in Australian Adolescents: the Effect of OCA2 and HERC. Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 128, 2807–2814. The article provides the results of investigation by the Genetic Epidemiology unit in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It shows how the genetic studies of pigmentation have benefited from the spectrophotometric measures of light to dark hair color. The article insists on having accurate reference measurements when carrying out any studies concerning the variations due to the genetic influences. According to the studies, the investigations concerning the hair color have turned to the spectrophotometric measurements, as well as the biochemical quantification. In using spectrophotometric methods, a wavelength of 650nm is used as it has the greatest power to differentiate the different amounts of dermal melanin. The associations were analyzed that the OCA2 and HERC2 to determine the allele difference in various populations. However, the spectrophotometric method cannot be said to be a confirmation therefore, further methods should be carried out to determine the complement of genes infl uencing hair color. The study also should determine if the spectrophotometry has any importance over prepared ratings. The study also quantifies the amount of pigments for the light and dark

Relationship between GDP and the quality of life in Brazil Research Paper

Relationship between GDP and the quality of life in Brazil - Research Paper Example 81). Scope of Research The companies that are able to take the proactive mindset should have the capability to rebuild several business strategies with the objective of shaping a better future to taste success. The aim of the thesis is to devise a win-win situation that benefits the communities and the corporate bottom lines in a similar fashion. Thesis Statement What are implications of corporate involvement in order to solve social problems? Literature Review According to Dominic Barton, the operating environment of business is experiencing radical transformation. The going concerns are getting influenced by demographical, technological and societal factors. It can be anticipated that the above mentioned trends will affect the operating environment, but it is surprising to witness the confluence of the trends. He states a wave of transformation on the way. Elizabeth Stevenson sought to examine the size or the scope of the changes. The time calls for examination of whether the move is towards venturing into new markets, or ways to survive efficiently. The operating environment will be influenced in a different fashion if the move is towards overcoming the scarcity of resources or interacting with the authorities in a different way. According to Patrick Viguerie, examination of the demand pools will reveal that the revenue leaders of today will not be in a sustainable position in the coming years as far as unit leadership in emerging markets is concerned. This means that the new world will witness new leaders. He stated that companies opt to view the short term while deriving strategies. Several insertion points were put forwarded by Sven Smith. The strategies should be informed by some upfront section along with some trends that will contribute to promotion of new businesses. The section can be undertaken on a monthly or annual basis. Research is required to determine the degree of the position of the resources against the trends as well as to make a second st rategy if the undertaken strategy sinks (Belgard & Rayner, 2004, p. 4). The forecasted trends are easy to be embedded into the strategic planning processes but in a tricky fashion. A long term trend embedded into the planning process can be a throwaway in the initial stages. The existing challenge is to engage line executives in order to recognize the trends, and if the trends are analyzed as forces of nature, it would be hard to recalculate again into the trajectory of the business keeping in mind the subsequent shifts. The tasks ahead of the global corporation are to contend with the amount of restructuring and shifting of portfolios that are anticipated to occur in the coming decade. The corporations need to analyze the nature of the shifts and build a conviction and find the right moves that will contribute to the creation of value. The implications of the trends will be profound. The coming years will witness multiple headquarters as the organizations will like to expand their operations. The pools of talent that has been created around the world now are sufficient to deal with the expansion plans. A competitive advantage lies in bringing the talent pools into the leadership arrangements and assimilates them into the borderless corporations. In order to unleash the talent, the corporation will have to reengineer the society and the economy and provide

Differentiated Instruction In the Classroom Research Paper

Differentiated Instruction In the Classroom - Research Paper Example At the California Montessori Project Charter School teachers use differentiated teaching methods that are based on Maria Montessori’s philosophy of following the child. In other schools in Sacramento the teachers that will be interviewed will share their techniques for small group work. There are also academic programs, such as â€Å"Handwriting without Tears,† that provide differentiation written into the curriculum. Each of these curricula is creating a new pathway for teaching, specifically because of the positive results which are currently being achieved. To continue with this approach, are also several trying to refine and work forward with the learning approaches that are used. Purpose of this Study The purpose of this study is to define the approaches to differentiation as well as whether this will benefit students that are learning with specific approaches. When examining the differentiation in the classroom, there will be the focus on showing the accomplishmen ts, progression and potential problems associated with this approach. Defining this will benefit students, teachers and educators, specifically because there will be more knowledge and background on differentiation. This will be combined with the understanding that education can begin to progress and change for classrooms which are inclusive of alternative styles for teaching. The research will provide information from Gardner, Vygotsky and Montessori as some of the researchers working with differentiated instruction. The research conducted to support this paper will help teachers with new skills and knowledge to best support their students in the classroom. It will also work to identify more of the... The significance of the study is to prepare teachers to expand their horizons when it comes to instructional strategies that are evidence-based and a proven product. It is expected that through this study, there will be the capability of creating new approaches to teaching and learning. Understanding the benefits and the gaps of differential instruction can help to refine the new methodology of teaching while assisting those within the classroom to approach students in a different manner. If this methodology can begin to evolve and become a standard within the classroom, there will be the capability of creating new opportunities for growth in the educational system. This report makes a conclusion that the concepts which were used in the qualitative study, as well as the quantitative research show that there is a demand to change the overall instruction in the classroom. The theoretical approaches show that there are diverse needs, both with the socio – cultural basis and with the cognitive learning capabilities which the children carry. This is combined with the needed changes associated with diverse settings which are now incorporating special education with gifted students, specifically because of the recognition that each student doesn’t have slower or faster learning abilities, but instead has different ways of learning. The theoretical concepts show that there are many associations with benefits and needs for differential instruction. While there is a strong need for the instruction, there are also questions over how to intertwine the theories with practical methodologies. The Montessori Method is one which has found explorati on as a main approach to the classroom.

CHAP13EX Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

CHAP13EX - Essay Example During November, the first month of the company’s fiscal year, $173,250 of manufacturing overhead was applied to Work in process Inventory using the predetermined overhead application rate of $15 per direct labor hour. Staley Toy co. makes toy flutes. Two manufacturing overhead application bases are used; some overhead is applied on the basis of machine hours at the rate of $7.50 per machine hour, and the balance of the overhead is applied at the rate of 200% of direct labor cost. Precision Numbers, Inc. manufactures pocket calculators. Cost incurred in making 25,000 calculators in April included $85,000 of fixed manufacturing overhead. The total absorption cost per calculator was $12.50. b. The ending inventory of pocket calculators was 1,850 units higher at the end of the month than at the beginning of the month. By how much and in what direction (higher or lower) would operating income for the month of April be different under variable costing than under absorption costing? The operating profit under variable costing would be lower by an amount of $6290 ($23125 – 16835) as compared to absorption costing profit because in variable costing the closing inventory is valued at variable cost only (1850 units x $ 9.1 = 16835) which gives higher cost of sales and reduces profit where as in absorption costing closing inventory is valued at variable cost plus absorbed fixed overheads (1850 units x $12.5 = $ 23125) which gives a lower cost of sales and increases

Da Vinci and the Modern Female Portait Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Da Vinci and the Modern Female Portait - Essay Example Renaissance art portrayal is a naturalistic reflection of realities that is recent in terms of discovery, rather than just framed myths and gender-based constructions. Leonardo’s art portrayal was regarded as abnormal in social terms. He presented through art, a view of female sex, which was culturally abnormal in the patriarchy of his day. To them, a woman is an intelligent being, and therefore biologically equals half of human species. Earliest portraits preserved by Leonardo, referred to as Ginevra de’Benci, done in the late 1470s, puts forth a fundamentally new female age. It portrays a sitter posed in a three-quarter view and it engages the eye of the observer. Portraits done by Northern Renaissance painters indicates a preoccupation with realism and having a precise detail of physiognomy and the costume. This kind of approach is a characteristic of panels by the Flemish masters Rogier van der Weydan and Hans Memling (Victoria 100) High Middle Ages evolution of portraiture reached its crescendo in the fifteenth century. This was the period during which greatest masters of artistic illusionism begun to appear in Europe. Italian Renaissance painters discovered the use of textural properties of oil painting. Leonardo da Vinci was famous for his portraits that were life-like in their realism. He used to learn entirely from nature and science to make his paintings look real. He drew and took many notes from observation, since he believed that it is the basis of knowledge. Leonardo was among the first Italian Renaissance to use the three-quarter pose instead of the popular profile. His subjects had unique facial expressions that challenged viewers. The new technique he invented-chiaroscuro and sfumato, also brought his subjects to life (Patrick McDonnell 56) Rogier van der Weyden transcends the concept of naturalism formal or informal,

Critical analysis of EU law system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Critical analysis of EU law system - Essay Example In 2001 was accepted the new constituent Treaty, which has received the name the Treaty of Nice and is one of the major founding treaties of the European Union. According to this Treaty, which has come into force in 2003, were made essential changes in institutional structure, to process of formation and functioning of institutes of EU. The Nice Treaty, "once it comes into force, will allow for more categories of cases to be moved from the jurisdiction of the ECJ to that of the European Court of First Instance (CFI) and from that of the CFI to new judicial panels hearing appeals in special in special areas of the law that are of lesser importance for the general evolution of the European Union"3. Since May, 1st, 2004 10 more Member states has entered the European Union and the general number of Member-states has reached twenty five4. The European Union is becoming the leading economic world centre, has sharply strengthening its political influence on a world scene, having united the states, which population is made nearby half milliard people. And all these people have right, which must be efficiently protected. Issues of cognition, perfection, and realization of law have always been of great value for communication and interaction of people, resolution and prevention of conflicts between them. Historical way of the development of legal matter and spirit of different people was long and complex. It took some thousand years for people in their majority to understand, from the very beginning intuitively, and then more and more deliberately, the sense and the role of law in their lives. Nowadays these issues continue to remain topical, being shown both inside of the personal, and in interpersonal communications, in mutual relations between various associations, communities, and states.Research of above mentioned issues should be begun with a human being, whose essential features, ideal and behavioural images obviously or implicitly are connected with the law. Only a person among all other live beings possesses an intellect and is capable to feel and realize law, to observe legal establishments, and to adapt to legal activity. Any person is a social essence, who in the course of communication with similar like he/her can improve legal norms, create more and more convenient models of public behaviour. Living in this word, a human being lives in a legal system and owing to some social, economic, political and other factors of development cannot exist without the law. According to Chauhan (2004, p. 1), "human beings are rational beings. They, by virtue of their being h uman, possess certain basic and inalienable rights which are commonly known as human rights. These rights of human beings are not derived from being a national of certain state, but belong to them because of their very existence and are based upon the attributes of human personality"5. As a matter of fact we may consider the relations between a human and the law from two sides. From the one side a person acts only as a user, a consumer of this law. But there is the other side of these relations, when a person acts as a creator of this law. First of all it is necessary to understand that the law is an integral quality of a human and a property of its objective reality6. The European

External Environment, Internal Environment and SWOT Analysis Essay

External Environment, Internal Environment and SWOT Analysis - Essay Example On November 24, 2005 the company was awarded a patent for its ground breaking technology which utilizes banana tree trunks as the raw material to produce paper (Papyrusaustralia, 2009). A SWOT analysis will help us understand the internal and external environment of the company. Papyrus Australia is start up company with an innovative product that will revolutionize the paper industry. The company has a patented technology which gives it a monopoly for at least 17 years. There is surplus of raw in the word due to the fact there are over 25 million banana trees in the world (Prospectus, 2005).The energy utilization for a manufacturing plant is extremely low and a complete manufacturing facility can be set up in farm in a small space of 500 square meters. The water expense of the manufacturing facility is cero. The plantation actually receives the additional benefit of obtaining free water to irrigate the banana trees since the actual tree from which the truck is extracted is made up of 60% water, which can be put to good use since it has to be disposed of anyways during the manufacturing process. The production of the banana paper is limited to the size of the farm. The business model does not consider the transportation cost of bringing in banana tree trunks as raw material from other farms. There are logistical problems associated with the producing banana trees because has to set up a large network of manufacturing plants across the world. The operation is dependent on penetration the Sub-Saharan African region which is one of the most underdeveloped regions in the world. The company has not shown yet they can mass produce their product. The company is still in the adolescence stage of its business life cycle. Due to the fact that the company is starting out from scratch there are plenty of opportunities for business expansion. Africa is focus point for

The Speckled band Essay Example for Free

The Speckled band Essay Now, of course that suggests at once there must be a communication between the two rooms. It can only be a small one, or it would have been remarked upon at the coroners inquiry. I deduced a ventilator Holmes explained to Watson. In Dr Roylotts bedroom the position of the wooden chair showed it had been used to stand on to reach the ventilator, An inspection of his chair showed me that he had been in the habit of standing on it, which, of course, would be necessary in order that he should reach the ventilator Holmes told Watson. The other clues found in the stepfathers room by Holmes were a metal safe with a saucer of milk on the top of it, on finding this Holmes asks there isnt a cat in it for example? at which Helen replies No what a strange idea! . In Dr Roylotts room there was also a small dog lash hung on one corner of the bed. The lash, however, was curled upon its self, and tied so as to make a loop of whipcord. The red-herrings in the story relates to the speckled band which Julia had said before her death, O, my God! Helen! It was the band! The speckled band! . Helen had thought that her sister was referring to the gipsies spotted handkerchiefs Which so many of them wear over their heads might have suggested the strange adjective which she used. The gipsies were camping on the ground of the Stoke Moran estate with Dr Roylotts permission. The estate also had a cheetah and a baboon roaming the estate grounds which had frightened Helens sister greatly prior to her death. Dr Roylott has a passion also for Indian animals, which are sent over to him by a correspondent and these animals wander freely over his grounds, and are feared by the villagers almost as much as their master Helen informed Holmes. Within both stories we see Holmes as a respected master of deduction in the Victorian period. The language is formal with Holmes using long sentences to explain the methods he has used to investigate and solve the crime and disappearance. This is shown when Holmes informs Watson in The Speckled band that he had come to an entirely erroneous conclusion , which shows , my dear Watson , how dangerous it always is to reason from insufficient data . In The Man with the twisted lip Holmes remarks to Watson There is plenty of thread , no doubt , but I cant get the end of it in my hand. This is the language used during the Victorian time. It is also apparent that both Helen Stoner and Mrs St Clair have sought help from Holmes as they have heard that he has a reputation for solving crimes. Sherlock Holmess character in The Man with the twisted lip is a well known and respected man by the police force this was seen when he entered the police station in Bow Street the two constables at door saluted him. The police are willing to work with him as seen by Inspector Bradstreet showing him into his office and asking him what can I do for you Mr Holmes? he then provides him with information about Hugh Boone and allowing him into to cell were he was imprisoned. His authority and the way he is able to reassure people is seen when he confronts Neville St Clair in the cell Sherlock Holmes sat down beside him on the couch, and patted him kindly on the shoulder. He uses his authority to persuade Neville to provide information to Inspector Bradstreet so that the case would never go into court at all this is to avoid the shame, the publicity of a court hearing which would bring to his family. The way that Holmes worked in solving the disappearance is by quietly sitting and thinking all through the night with an old brier pipe between his lips, his eyes fixed vacantly upon the corner of the ceiling, the blue smoke curling up from him, silent, motionless, with the light shinning upon his strong-set aquiline features this shows that Holmes is committed to his job. In The Speckled Band Holmes works quickly and methodically to solve the crime by inspecting the house where the death occurred, whatever danger threatened an occupant of the room could not come either from the window or the door this shows that he uses his detective skills to piece together the clues like a jigsaw. He also works in a calm and composed manner, this is shown in the way Holmes deals the Swamp adder the deadliest snake in India, Without hesitation he drew the dog whip swiftly from the dead mans lap, and throwing the noose round the reptiles neck, he drew from its horrid perch, and, carrying it at arms length, threw it into the iron safe, which he closed upon it, this is showing that he is brave and deals with danger without hesitating. As well as this Holmes shows his commitment to his profession, this is shown in the way he informs Helen Stoner As to reward, my profession is its reward this means that Holmes motivated by solving crimes and not by money. The endings of these two short stories are different in The Man with the twisted lip there is a happy ending were the main character is reunited with his wife and family having gone missing for several days. The Speckled Band ends with the death of Dr Roylott who is killed by the swamp adder. In The Man with the twisted Lip the ending concludes a successful piece of investigative work by Holmes and Watson as they restored the normal everyday life of Mr and Mrs Neville St Clair. Apart from Mr St Clair going missing for a few days there is no scandal, as the newspapers do not find out the facts behind his disappearance and is wife is not told the true story behind his disappearance. So satisfied in Holmes with the outcome of this investigation that he says to Watson If we drive to Baker Street we shall be in time for breakfast. The ending to The Speckled Band is not happy as it results in the death of Dr Roylott, this does not play on Holmess his conscience as Dr Roylott is described by Helen Stoner as a man of immense strength , and absolutely uncontrollable in his anger. An example of this is given he hurled the local blacksmith over the parapet into a stream. The final sentence of this story ends with Holmes stating that I am no doubt indirectly responsible for Dr Grimesby Roylotts death ,and I cannot say that it is likely to weigh very heavily upon my conscience. To conclude from looking at detective fiction in the nineteenth century and comparing the two short stories above I have been able to examine the winning formula that detective fiction has been written to. This is the way these stories are written to involve the reader in the detectives role of gathering clues, to solve the crime and find the culprit. This method has stood the test of time; in fact detective fiction is probably stronger today than it was in the nineteenth century. This is due to having wider audience as it has been translated into television and its popularity is evident as it scores of highly in the ratings. Harry Johnson 1 Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Conan Doyle section.

For this project i will be constructing Essay Example for Free

For this project i will be constructing Essay 1. 1 Statement of the problem 1. 1. 1 Introduction For this project I will be constructing an I. T. solution for Castle Couriers. Castle Couriers is a company, which provides a number of courier services, mainly for car showrooms. Their main service is the transportation of vehicle registrations to the V. R. O. (Vehicle Registration Office) and their return, and also the transportation of tax related forms to the tax office, also from car showrooms. It is currently a company with a small number of employees, approximately 4, and a very local customer base. However they plan to expand in the near future and do not believe their current system will be effective with much more data. The current system, Lotus SmartSuite, is not designed with their company in mind and is therefore complicated to operate and the addition of data is often laborious. I hope to improve their situation by creating an automated database, so that creating documents and modifying data is a very simple task. 1. 1. 2 User Requirements The owners of Castle Couriers have a number of requirements: -Reduce time spent on inputting data -This will aid the expansion process because an increase in data will not lead to a further increase in time spent processing. -Increase ease of finding data -Again a time saving requirement, useful during the complicated period of expansion. -Producing a sufficiently high quality document range -Now that the production of documents is virtually automatic, the end users are keen to see that the quality does not decline. -Must be user friendly due to lack of computer literacy of end user -There must be very few complicated procedures, as having to increase the end users I. T. skills will take time and possibly money. 1. 1. 3 Current system At the present moment Castle Couriers uses a generic program called Lotus Smartsuite. My knowledge of Smartsuite is minimal but the program has not been specifically designed for this company. I have been informed that it is similar to Microsoft office, which I have good experience in. It is very popular with many businesses because of the amount of very professional tools available. However, in the case of Castle Couriers, these tools are not linked together effectively, allowing for a minimal amount of automation. They store data in both spreadsheets and databases, with certain functions allowing a limited level of automation. 1. 1. 4 Data Flow diagram of current system The following diagram illustrates the current processes involved in dealing with an order 1. 1. 5 Problems with the current system Castle Couriers main problem with their current system is its complexity, which is leading to an increase in the amount of time they spend producing documents and organising orders. Adding new customers, as they are planning to do, should they decide to continue with expansion, is very difficult and is adding to the already complicated and overloaded system. Modifying data is also a time consuming problem as it takes time to navigate through the procedures necessary. 1. 1. 6 Objectives of the new system The new system should meet a series of criteria, firstly the time spent inputting data and the ease with which this is done should be improved. Making the system less complex than Lotus Smartsuite should solve both of these objectives. Secondly they would like to be able to search for details of customers and services easily. Very importantly, this program must maintain the high quality of documents such as invoices and memorandums. Finally none of the staff who will be using the system have very much experience in IT, so the system must be easy to operate and difficult to corrupt. 1. 1. 7 Performance indicators The following performance indicators will be used: It should take less than 1 minute to construct and print invoices Data entry should be made simple enough for all queries to be 100% accurate. The system must be able to cater for any number of staff/customers/services to be added without improvements as the company expands It must be impossible to erase any fields or tables The system should be simple enough for users with only a basic I. T. knowledge to operate 1. 1. 8 Volume of data The level of data that will be stored in the database is likely to be quite small at first, but this should increase as Castle Couriers continues expanding. Initially there are likely to be about 40 customers, with a choice of 3 services and 5 members of staff. Details of each customer will need to be stored and will cover name, address, telephone and fax numbers, e-mail, contacts within the firm and their history with Castle Couriers. 1. 1. 9 Hardware and Software The majority of the design will be carried out on my schools computer network with the equivalent to a 1. 6Ghz Pentium processor, 128MB of RAM and an easily sufficient sized hard drive. My home PC and the computers of Castle Couriers are of a similar specification. Therefore there should not be any problems in compatibility. However, at home, where some aspects of the design will be carried out, I have a newer version of Microsoft Office, and therefore a newer version of Access. This should not cause any problems, however should I wish to incorporate functions not available in the schools version, I will have to do this last. All of the designing will be done in Microsoft Access, with some links to Word, for better quality documents, and Excel, for data interpretation. This is available on all three of the concerned systems. 1. 1. 10 End user skill level None of the people who will be using the system have any formal I. T. qualifications. Their only previous I. T. experience is based around the use of Lotus SmartSuite. This will be a problem for me because the system I will be designing for them will be entirely based within three programs, Microsoft Access, Microsoft Excel and Microsoft Word. It will therefore be necessary to make the project very simple to use with automatic functions. 2 Design 2. 1 Consideration of solutions 2. 1. 1 Manual System This would be based around data being processed, stored and filed in the form of paperwork, with calculations being manual and documents handmade. -Easily the slowest -Higher risk of loss/damage to data -Complicated and tedious -Lower quality documents -High risk of mis-calculations We have therefore judged that this system would not be suitable for Castle Couriers, as it is far too slow and complicated and will not be better than the current system. 2. 1. 2 Spreadsheet System A spreadsheet system would be designed and operated in a program such as Microsoft Excel. -Easy to design -Little chance of damage/loss -Simple functions A spreadsheet system would not allow for the necessary functions and operations to improve on Lotus Smartsuite. 2. 1. 3 A specifically designed courier system A package, which has been specially designed for this type of business, could be obtained from certain software companies -Best program -Expensive -All necessary functions present This is probably the best option as it is designed only for use in this type of company, however due to the expense of this program Castle Couriers have allowed me to attempt a database before deciding. 2. 1. 4 Access database This is the option they have allowed me to attempt and this will be designed and implemented by me -Very cheap and easy to design -Inter-personal interaction during design. -Easier to train users Using this system has the advantage of allowing Castle Couriers to have an influence in the design of the system. 2. 2 Database Design 2. 2. 1 Entity-relationship diagram There are six entities, or tables, within this database. They are basically split into two separate functioning databases, however I will keep them in one for ease of use and because the services/tasks table will be used by both systems. The first system, outlined in red, will concern the receiving and payments of orders, whereas the second, outlined in blue, will allow allocation of tasks for employees. 2. 2. 2 Dataflow diagram of the proposed system 2. 2. 3 Table Design The six tables are defined as follows: tblCustomer Field name Data type Description/Validation Customer ID AutoNumber Key field, automatically incremented for each customer Company name Text Contact first name Text Contact second name Text Billing address Text Town. ServiceID AutoNumber Key field, automatically incremented for each service Service description Text Service price Currency tblorders Field name Data type Description/Validation OrderID AutoNumber Key field, automatically incremented for each order CustomerID Number ServiceID Number Date Time/Date tblpayments Field name Data type Description/Validation CustomerID Number Payment amount Currency Payment date Time/Date tblemployees Field name Data type Description/Validation EmployeeID First name Second name Other names Title National Insurance number e-mail address Address 1. Address 2 City County Post code Home phone Work phone Emergency contact number tblemployeesandtasks Field name Data type Description/Validation EmployeetaskID EmployeeID OrderID 2. 2. 4 Form Design There will be 4 forms for data entry: frmCustomerMain a form with a sub-form, used to input customer details and the services they require in the next week (Source: tblCustomer for the main form, tblOrders for the sub-form) frmservices a form to add and edit the details of each service (Source: tblservices) frmPayment a form to enter customer payments (Source: qryCustomerPayments). 2. 2. 5 Query Summary 2. 2. 6 Document Summary 2. 2. 7 Macro Summary 2. 3 Templates 2. 4 Data entry and Validation 2. 5 Macros 2. 6 Security and Disaster Recovery The computers that will hold the program will be kept at the Hopkins house, so security and procedures for disaster recovery will be necessary due to the alternative uses of the computer by other members of the family, e. g. leisure. The database itself will be password protected with a password chosen by Mr and Mrs Hopkins, therefore restricting access to the system to only staff that are allowed to. Castle Couriers currently operates its own method of disaster recovery; every night all company related files and folders are backed up onto a 100mb Zip Disk and stored in a fire proof safe within the house. So therefore any damage to the computer, such as theft or fire, will only mean a certain level of inconvenience and expense, not a loss of data. 2. 7 IT tasks 1/ Create new workbook 2/ Create tables (i) tblCustomer (ii) tblServices (iii) tblOrders (iv) tblPayments (v) tblEmployees (vi) tblEmployeesAndTasks -Create queries -Create macros -Create reports and link them to tables and queries. -Create attractive user interface 2. 8 Schedule of Activities Activity Schedule for I. T. Task Implementation IT task Time necessary for completion Week Completed at school or home 2. 9 2. 10 Test Strategy The functions and macros in the program will all be tested under varying circumstances so that I can see whether they will perform correctly under the conditions in which they will be used. This will hopefully allow me to iron out any defects within the program before it will be passed onto Mr and Mrs Hopkins to implement. Functional Testing Each menu will be thoroughly tested. Each button and item inside the menu will be tested to make sure that no problems have occurred. Each button must be checked to make sure that the command it is assigned to works. Logical Testing This type of test is used to test every aspect of each form, table, query or report as soon as it has been implemented. Data will be inserted that is valid, invalid and extreme. Sufficient data will be inserted so that each table has at least one row of information. This will test to see if the different masks that have been used are correct or the different data types are correct. Subsequent data will continue throughout the test to make sure that the data is correct. System Testing When the system is complete, the whole range of tests will be repeated. This will ensure that no further problems have arisen. Recovery Testing The computer will be rebooted during procedures to see if data becomes corrupt or lost. If problems are found they can be corrected Acceptance Testing The end-user will be involved at this stage, they must test every aspect of the system to see if it fulfils the requirements that were set in the analysis section. They will be asked to check if each menu is correctly headed, if the system functions correctly and if it is user friendly. Any faults found at this stage can be corrected before the final version is passed on.

Ireland Building Costs Shipping Container House vs House

Ireland Building Costs Shipping Container House vs House Chapter 1 An outline of aim and objectives. A review of the research undertaken by others. An outline of what will be discussed throughout the thesis. 1.1 Thesis Structure Chapter One Introduction This section introduces the thesis topic, outlines aims and objectives and briefly explains the current housing situation in Dublin. Chapter Two Literature Review The chapter provides the background of shipping containers and review of development examples made of shipping containers around the world. Chapter Three Research Methodology This section demonstrates the research strategy that have been used by the author to obtain relevant information and how these findings will be used to Also research limitations are mentioned in this section. Chapter Four Presentation of research findings This chapter presents data received from available sources. Chapter Five Analysis of research findings This section focus on analysis and comparison of data received. Chapter Six Conclusions and Recommendations This chapter will conclude the study by summarising all findings and data which allow the author to draw conclusions and make recommendations based on findings readdressing them to the aim and objectives. Chapter 2 This section consists of an account of published articles and papers. Available literature is related to shipping containers and current housing situation in Dublin. The chapter provides the background of shipping containers, which may be a possible solution for emergency accommodation in Dublin. Literature review starts with the history of shipping containers. Then it overviews the different uses of shipping containers, strength and weaknesses, their availability, as well as a review of development examples made of shipping containers around the world. Chapter 3 This chapter explains the research design and methodology undertaken for this study. To create a structured and well-ordered thesis an author created the research diagram which demonstrate the whole process of research and where it could lead. Empty bubbles show the possibilities that may occur during the further data collection and research. The original image is included in the Appendix section. The research area, an author is focusing, has not been researched previously, in terms of an Irish perspective. Therefore finding data for the thesis will have to be interpreted through investigation of existing data, and based on the examples from other countries. 3.1 Research question The study aims to answer whether shipping containers are suitable for emergency accommodation as an alternative to other types of housing solutions. 3.2 Research process To achieve the aim of that study, following areas have to be investigated: The background of shipping containers. Segregate two concepts: home and emergency accommodation Determine the meaning of temporary accommodation. Determine the meaning of home. Investigate of current housing situation in Dublin in terms of the housing supply, demand and rental prices. To determine emergency housing providers in Dublin Compare the building cost of providing traditional housing vs. shipping container housing. Investigate social acceptance of shipping container houses. In order to achieve the objectives of this study the necessary methods of research were identified. Author chooses to use primary (e-survey, case study) and secondary methods or research. 3.3 Primary research There are many types of primary research which consists of surveys, interviews, observations, analysis, etc. during which data is collected from the real world. For this thesis author chooses, e-survey questionnaire and case study analysis. 3.3.1 Survey questionnaire The one of the primary research method is survey questionnaire when information is collected from the individuals through their responses to the questions designed in relation to studys research. Fink (2003) believes that questionnaire surveys would be one of the best methods in collecting data on the observations, attitudes, feelings, experiences or opinions. Questionnaire surveys may not be feasible and reliable, however, it was decided to use this method to investigate social acceptance of shipping container houses. The target audience have not been chosen as author expected to receive unbiased opinion from a variety of respondents. E-survey questionnaire included ten questions. They were drafted and posted online. Fifty responses have been received so far. Also the same questions have been sent by email to selected professionals who are working in the areas such as housing, social housing, planning and development, urban economy, charity housing organizations and are directly related to the thesis topic. 3.3.2 Case study Case study method is comprehensive as it can use many approaches for data collection. A case-study approach has been chosen to investigate and overview an existing development projects around the world.   3.4 Secondary research The secondary research consists of data and information collected from existing sources, such as journals, text books, websites, company and government reports and publications (Creswell, 2007). Hence, sources mentioned above were used to gather available information which was directly related to the thesis topic. For this study author uses available literature review and online sources. 3.4.1 Literature review To obtain the information for this study relevant literature relating to containers background and existing developments around the world were reviewed. An extensive search for literature was undertaken of previous thesis and dissertations, journals, reports and related websites. The sources of literature are evident in the references. The literature review was a method of learning such as author examined the literature which has been wrote and analysed by others (professionals, scholars, experts). Secondary research was essential in completing the literature review chapter as it was guidance towards further information sources to complete this study. This led in to investigation of further topics such as determination the meaning of home and emergency accommodation; investigation of the current housing supply, demand and rental prices in Dublin; determination of emergency housing providers in Dublin. 3.4.2 Online sources The most information required was freely available from the websites. However, the internet is vast but extremely disorganized source of information. To use it effectively, we must be able to formulate a search strategy using appropriate keywords (How at al., 2005). Keywords used for the research were: emergency accommodation, shipping container houses, shipping container prices, shipping container house manufacturers, construction costs, Irish housing market, supply, demand, accommodation for rent/for sale, meaning of home, homelessness, etc. Shipping container suppliers and shipping container house manufacturers were contacted by email in relation to shipping containers cost and construction costs of shipping containers houses. 3.5 Expected Outcomes Through the research author expects to rationalise why shipping container houses are not used in Irish construction industry while they are widely used in other countries; highlight advantages and disadvantages of shipping container houses; to find an answer if demand of emergency accommodation meets supply; in other words if there is a shortage of that type of emergency accommodation in Dublin. It is also important to get to know the social acceptance of shipping container houses (positive or negative). 3.6 Limitations The main objective of this study is to compare of traditional house building cost against shipping container house building cost. However, those two units cannot be compared directly as it is usually done in a property market valuation, when properties with similar parameters (size, location, condition, etc.) are compared to calculate its market value, rental value, capital value and etc. The layout of units is seen as limitation in terms of comparison as well. Such as units are so unlike that there is no basis for comparison. Therefore author decided to concentrate on the shipping container house which is close by size to minimum requirements allowed in Ireland and compare it with traditional house multiplying the same size (considering that shipping container is in a same size as traditional house unit) per price per sq metre. Such as there are only two shipping container houses in Ireland, thus large data set analysis is not currently possible because costs are not disclosed. Analysis must be limited and rely on projects from around the world that are available for review. Therefore, methodology of research primarily relies upon literature review, questionnaire survey, case studies and financial analysis of available construction data. For this reason, author decided rely on shipping container housing prices in UK. Costs in pounds will be converted to Euros in accordance with the relevant exchange rate. Another difficulty is to obtain the most up to dated statistical data that relates to the current housing market such as supply and demand. In this case, for example, some papers are issued once a year, so the information is old enough. However, data obtained is going to be used with assumptions that population growth would be faster than delivery of required accommodation. Thus, demand for housing will continue to increase and consequently demand for emergency housing will stay high. Chapter 4 4.1 Current housing situation in Dublin in terms of the housing supply, demand and rental prices. Dublins housing stock has 535,000 properties. 3,619 properties were listed for sale last year in Dublin which is 7.7% less than previous year, according to MyHome (2016). SCSI (2017) believes that activity levels were decreased due to Central Bank mortgage lending restrictions which are not conductive to the first-time buyers and also UKs decision to leave the EU. However, demand for housing will remain high due to changed household structures and increased demand for single person households (RIAI, 2016). Dublin experiences insufficient supply to meet growing demand which is caused by rapid population growth and fast decline of unemployment (CIF, 2016; Duffy at al, 2016). As a result lack of supply supported the rise in house prices, therefore more people who wish to buy a home, but cannot afford it are forced to continue to rent (My Home, 2017). Moreover this may intensify pressure on social housing increasing the social housing waiting list, put upward pressure on rents and force some people into homelessness (CIF, 2016; Duffy at al, 2016). Residential property values in the Dublin Region increased by 64.7% since 2013 and is forecasted to grow further by 6.6% in 2017. Key factors that play role for positive growth were the shortage in new house builds, increased employment rates; an improvement in mortgage lending and finance availability; improved consumer confidence and economic stability (SCSI, 2017). p18 Research shows that average couple-nurse, Garda, teacher or civil servants with 5 years experience-are unable to secure a mortgage for average priced house in housing market (CIF, 2016; Duffy at al, 2016). The same factors mentioned before play role for Private Rented Sector (PRS) which according to (McCartney, 2017) is growing. Since Q1 2011 the number of people in PRS- Private Rented Sector increased by 107,500 in Dublin (McCartney, 2017). The total number of tenancies registered with RTB in Q4 2016 stands at 325,375 and represents 705,465 occupants (RTB, 2017) Between September and December of previous year 2016 rents rose by an average of 13.5% and now are 14% higher than in the 2008. An average rental prices in Dublin are demonstrated in the table and chart below: Average rent Y-on-Y change North City à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   1,529 14.4% City Centre à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   1,655 15.5% South City à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   1,763 13.9% North County à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   1,375 14.9% South County à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   1,855 14.2% West County à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   1,446 13.9% Availability of properties increased by 200 in Dublin and almost 1,600 properties were available to rent on the 1st February 2017 (Lyons, 2016) Nearly 20,000 households were qualified for social housing support in 2016 (Housing Agency, 2016). However, the current stock of social housing is insufficient to satisfied social housing need (ICSH, 2016). To all the factors influence housing market in Dublin mentioned above, there is also the number of vacant dwellings which represents an inefficient use of valuable resources and makes negative impact on local areas and communities. Census 2016 records 35,000 vacant dwellings in Dublin (Housing Agency, 2017). To satisfied social housing need in July of 2016 Government launched an ambitious plan to provide housing nationally. During six years 47,000 new social houses and 25,000 new units (yearly) have to be built (SCSI, 2017). During 2015 there were only 12,600 new houses built instead of 21,000 (ICI, 2016). Currently, Dublin city region experiences shortfall of 35,242 homes (Housing Agency, 2017). But despite of that development activity is growing every year as demonstrated in Table below Planning Permissions in Dublin region 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 -57% 77% -8% 129% 27% Some of 12,388 housing units were granted with planning permission in the 2016 (CIS, 2016) According to Housing Agency, (2017a) Dublin City Region will require 33,109 new homes during 2016-2020. Their analysis shows that annual average of required houses is 6,600 per annum over the period to 2020. 4.2 Segregation of two concepts: home and emergency accommodation Very often people do not fully understand the meaning of home and meaning of emergency accommodation. They are confused of those two concepts. Therefore author thinks that those two concepts have to be clearly explained to the reader. 4.2.1 The meaning of home All of us even the truly homeless live somewhere and each therefore stands in some relation to land as owner-occupier, tenant, licensee or squatter (Gray, and Symes, 1983). There is no a straight or single answer what does home means. The answer is very complex and multidimensional. First of all home is physical structure which provides privacy, comfort, safety, continuity and permanence. Home also represents the success, family wealth so it can be considered as a financial investment which can be accumulated and then passed on to future generations as inheritance. But again, home is not only financial asset. It could be seen as identity and self-identity which relates to the deep emotional meaning and particularly memories tided to the places where we live. And it can be a place for self-expression (Gray, and Symes, 1983; Stern, 2009; Fox, 2013). Home means different things to different people. Furthermore, the meanings that home represents to an occupier may change over their life course (Fox, 2006). 4.2.2 The meaning of emergency accommodation The role of emergency accommodation is to provide short-term accommodation for people who are homeless or those who are in crisis. In other words, it could help people who are sleeping on the street; those who are in danger of being hurt in their own homes (experiencing domestic violence), or those who are evicted from home and have no place where to stay until new permanent place to live will be found. Emergency Accommodation includes apartments, private houses and BBs, hostels and hotels. Emergency housing provides only basic necessities, such as a place to sleep, shower, do laundry, get clothing, and eat or get money for food. http://settlement.org/ontario/housing/emergency-and-short-term-housing/emergency-housing/what-is-emergency-housing/ http://www.thejournal.ie/homeless-hostels-housing-first-accommodation-1678286-Oct2014/ 4.3 Reasons for Becoming Homeless There is no single reason why people become homeless. There are many causes which can be determined such as: structural causes, when people are at risk of becoming homeless due to financial crisis that causes poverty, unemployment, and lack of good quality, affordable housing; Institutional Causes, touches those people who leaving prison or mental health institutions and nowhere to go to on their release/discharge; Relationship Causes; Personal Causes, when person is addictive to the alcohol or/and drug use, mental illness, learning difficulties. People with combination of these factors are the most vulnerable part of society and in most cases become homeless. http://www.dubsimon.ie/Homelessness/ReasonsforBecomingHomeless.aspx 4.4 An overview of the current situation in Dublin in terms of emergency accommodation 1007 families with 2026 dependents were registered as homeless in the first month of 2017in Dublin region. 764 families with 1551 dependents were accommodated in hotels and 243 families with 495 dependents in homeless accommodation (DRHE, 2017). Table below shows the number of individuals in Emergency Accommodation. Jan-16 Feb-16 Mar-16 Apr-16 May-16 Jun-16 Jul-16 Aug-16 Sep-16 Oct-16 Nov-16 Dec-16 Jan-17 Homeless adults 2678 2692 2750 2806 2767 2871 2922 2950 2988 3036 3021 3162 3247 Adults (no dependents) 1636 1629 1618 1618 1549 1601 1591 1612 1631 1660 1656 1780 1894 Families 769 790 839 888 913 939 993 998 1014 1026 1023 1028 1007 Single parent 496 517 546 588 608 608 655 658 671 676 678 674 661 Couple 273 273 293 300 305 331 338 340 343 350 345 354 346 Number of dependents 1570 1616 1723 1786 1847 1894 2020 2012 2065 2110 2110 2096 2046 http://www.dubsimon.ie/Homelessness/HomelessStatistics/DublinStatistics.aspx There are approximately 3000 beds available in emergency accommodation in Dublin region. The chart below demonstrates the number of empty beds in emergency accommodation during Christmas and the New Year period. There are few reasons in relation to increased vacancy. One of the reasons is the provision of significant number of additional new beds; another reason is that some people do not use any other form of shelter they only accept to sleep rough; some of them combine rough sleeping with access to emergency accommodation (DRHE, 2016). Figure 9 Despite of that, in winter 2016 there were discovered 142 persons sleeping rough which represents an increase of 51 persons in comparison with winter 2015 The majority of sleeping rough are those of aged between 31and 40 which accounts for 38%, 27% were aged 18- 30 and another 27% aged 41-50, aged 51 years and over represent remaining 8%. Chart below demonstrates the number of adults discovered sleeping rough on the night of the rough sleeping count which took place on the night of 22nd November 2016 (DRHE, 2016). 4.5 Minimum floor areas and standards for the accommodation of single person Every type of building and its surroundings must provide safety and welfare for people. Therefore all developments should be built in accordance with the prescribed National Guidelines. The minimum requirements are set out in 12 parts which are classified as Parts A to M (DHPCLG, 2017). Table below is created to demonstrate minimum size requirements for one bedroom apartment and studio flat (ESLG, 2015). Minimum overall apartment floor areas Studio 40 sq m One bedroom 45 sq m Table Source: http://www.housing.gov.ie/sites/default/files/publications/files/apartment_guidelines_21122015.pdf 4.6 Building costs of shipping container house Container homes are built out of new purpose built and highly secure steel units and include living spaces, bedrooms, kitchens and bathrooms. For an additional 30-40% cost container houses can be built to meet UK building control regulations. Example of container home sizes and prices provided by manufacturer Size in feets Size in Sq m Description Sterlings Euros Appendix 20 x 8 14.90 single unit container home  £11,995 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬13785 Plan 1 24 x 10 22.30 double unit container homes  £16,995 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬19531 Plan 2 30 x 10 27.87 single unit container home  £19,995 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬22979 Plan 3 40 x 10 37.16 double bedroom container home  £22,995 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬26426 Plan 4 40 x 12 44.59 double bedroom container home  £24,995 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬24,995 Plan 5 http://www.container-housing.co.uk/container-homes-costs/ 4.7 Building costs of traditional house Author uses house building costs produced by the Quantity Surveying Professional Group of the Society of Chartered Surveyors Ireland (SCSI).   The Society of Chartered Surveyors analysed a number of live house building projects in the Greater Dublin Area. Extensive and detailed study has been done on the 30 units that were under construction in late 2015 and early 2016. Chartered Quantity Surveyors analysed all cost inputs. For the comparison purposes only hard costs were taken into consideration for this study, where the figures assume structure (traditional strip foundation on good bearing soil); superstructure (timber or block work frame, render finish, tiled roof, insulated to 2011 Part L); completion (double glazed windows; paint grade softwood doors, skirting window boards internally); finishes (paint finished walls, tiling to bath and shower rooms); fittings (Fitted kitchen c/w Formica w/t; wardrobe to main all bedrooms (no appliances)); Services (including Sanitary ware, rainwater, solar panel, heat recovery, condensing boiler and radiator, plastic fittings and pendants throughout for electricity, wired for alarm). Any other costs such as site preparation, VAT, professional fees, land acquisition and development costs, finance costs were excluded. Hard costs according to SCSI research is à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬1084 per square metre.Author excluded from comparison smaler size units and took into account only units that are close to building requirements. As was mentioned in section 4.4 minimum overall floor areas are for studio flat 40 sq m and one bedroom apartment 45 sq m. Size in Sq m Description Euros Appendix 37.16 double bedroom traditional home à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬40,281 Plan 4 44.59 double bedroom traditional home à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬48,336 Plan 5 https://www.scsi.ie/documents/get_lob?id=885field=file https://www.scsi.ie/advice/house_rebuilding_calculator 4.8 Survey questionnaire 4.9 Case studies Chapter 5 In this chapter I am going to analyse all of the data found through my research. And I would try to establish the link between literature and data collected. First, it focused exclusively on single person accommodation. 5.1 Shipping container house versus traditiona

Internet Cafe Business Plan :: Business Entrepreneurship Management Essays

Internet Cafe Business Plan 1.0 Executive Summary JavaNet, unlike a typical cafe, will provide a unique forum for communication and entertainment through the medium of the Internet. JavaNet is the answer to an increasing demand. The public wants: (1) access to the methods of communication and volumes of information now available on the Internet, and (2) access at a cost they can afford and in such a way that they aren't socially, economically, or politically isolated. JavaNet's goal is to provide the community with a social, educational, entertaining, atmosphere for worldwide communication. This business plan is prepared to obtain financing in the amount of $24,000. The supplemental financing is required to begin work on site preparation and modifications, equipment purchases, and to cover expenses in the first year of operations. Additional financing has already been secured in the form of: (1) $24,000 from the Oregon Economic Development Fund (2) $19,000 of personal savings from owner Cale Bruckner (3) $36,000 from three investors (4) and $9,290 in the form of short-term loans. JavaNet will be incorporated as an LLC corporation. This will shield the owner Cale Bruckner, and the three outside investors, Luke Walsh, Doug Wilson, and John Underwood, from issues of personal liability and double taxation. The investors will be treated as shareholders and therefore will not be liable for more than their individual personal investment of $12,000 each. The financing, in addition to the capital contributions from the owner, shareholders and the Oregon Economic Development Fund, will allow JavaNet to successfully open and maintain operations through year one. The large initial capital investment will allow JavaNet to provide its customers with a full featured Internet cafe. A unique, upscale, and innovative environment is required to provide the customers with an atmosphere that will spawn socialization. Successful operation in year one will provide JavaNet with a customer base that will allow it to be self sufficient in year two. Highlights 1.1 Objectives JavaNet's objectives for the first three years of operation include: †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The creation of a unique, upscale, innovative environment that will differentiate JavaNet from local coffee houses. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Educating the community on what the Internet has to offer. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The formation of an environment that will bring people with diverse interests and backgrounds together in a common forum. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Good coffee and bakery items at a reasonable price. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Affordable access to the resources of the Internet and other online services. 1.2 Mission As the popularity of the Internet continues to grow at an exponential rate, easy and affordable access is quickly becoming a necessity of life.

The Downfall of Macbeth Essay -- Macbeth essays William Shakespeare Pa

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Macbeth, written by William Shakespeare, is the tragic tale of   Macbeth, a virtuous man, corrupted by power and greed. This tragedy can be classified by one of two theories. One theory suggests that the tragic hero, Macbeth, is led down an unescapable road of doom by an outside force; namely the three witches. The second suggests that there is no supernatural force working against Macbeth, which therefore makes him responsible for his own actions and inevitable downfall. Macbeth is indeed responsible for his own actions which are provoked by Lady Macbeth, the witches,   his ambition, and an unwillingness to listen to his own conscience. These forces had no direct control over his actions but simply pointed out different paths for him to follow. Ultimately, Macbeth chose the path of darkness.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Throughout   the entire play Macbeth ignores the voice of his own conscience. He knows what he is doing is wrong even before he murders Duncan. His own conscience is nagging at him but he allows Lady Macbeth and greed to cloud his judgement. In referring to the idea of the murder of Duncan, Macbeth first states,"We will proceed no further in this business"(I, vii, 32). Yet, after speaking with Lady Macbeth he recants and proclaims, "I am settled, and bend up /Each corporal agent to this terrible feat"(I, vii, 79-80). He allows himself to be swayed by the woman he loves. Lady Macbeth gave him an ultimatum and provoked him by saying:      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When you durst do it, then you were a man;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   And to be more than what you were, you would   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Be so much more the man..... (I, vii, 49-51)    She provokes him ... ...cally cause an increase in his desires. He willingly committed the crimes to fulfil his ambitions; not because of a spell cast by the witches.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   While purposely played in a mysterious setting, the location is not meant to cloud the true theme of the play with the supernatural. Macbeth simply succumbs to natural urges and his own ambitions which lead him to a fate of his own making. The provocations of   Lady Macbeth, the witches, his ambition and his reluctance to listen to his conscience were the deciding factors in his life. He was not supernaturally controlled by the black magic of the witches nor was he purposefully led down a path of destruction. He was fully aware of the consequences of   all the decisions he made.   Everyone has character flaws that they must live with; Macbeth simply allowed those flaws to destroy him.

Their Eyes Were Watching God Essay -- Essays Papers

Theyre Eyes Were Watching God A Voice With Experience In Zora Neale Hurston’s novel, Their Eyes Were Watching God, many critics have argued over whether or not the main character, Janie, finds her voice by the end of the novel. Yet many seem to be confused as to what her "voice" is. Her voice is her ability to express her thoughts and display her emotions verbally. Many relate the question of Janie’s voice to her amount of emotional strength (her ability to confront her problems or run away from the current situation rather than be isolated in it), yet these things are a completely different matter entirely. While Janie’s emotional strength varies throughout the novel, her voice is always there. Her voice is proven from the beginning when she argued about housework with her first husband, Logan, and it became even more evident in her relationship with her next husband, Joe. She did not speak to Joe often because he did not mean much to her and she did not waste her energy on always arguing with him. But when she found a subject on which she wanted to speak her mind, she always did. Many seem to think that Janie found her voice towards the end of the novel because that is when she spoke most often. Yet the reason she spoke more is because she had someone who she cared about and to whom she wanted to speak to (her husband, Tea Cake). In her trial in defense of killing Tea Cake (the situation in which many argue that Janie’s silence was proof that she had not yet found her voice), her silence has nothing to do with whether or not she is emotionally strong or has a voice. Her silence is the result of the love she felt with Tea Cake. Though she felt very emo tional, Janie understood that love was not something you could express verbally and she therefore chose not to speak. In Janie’s first relationship with Logan, it becomes clear that Janie had both her voice and emotional strength. Expecting that marriage would bring love, Janie married a farmer, Logan Killicks, at a young age. Yet her relationship with him was not what she expected. He was ugly and lazy and didn’t even give a thought to Janie’s feelings. He forced her to do extra work and never treated her like the woman she was. When after hours of housework, and Logan asked her to chop wood for him one day, Janie finally felt that she needed to protest, saying "... ...e is saying that you have to experience love to understand it, and that it would have done her no good to try to express verbally what she felt for Tea Cake. At the end of the novel, Janie walked away from the trial with both her voice that had been with her throughout her whole life, the emotional strength that she had gained through her love with Tea Cake (and which had continued even after his death), and something that she had not known before: experience. (Experience with death, love, marriage, and life in general.) Many argue that Janie found her voice towards the end of the novel because that is when she spoke the most. Yet Janie had had her voice throughout, from her loveless marriage with Logan, to her abusive relationship with Joe, and through her heavenly time spent with Tea Cake. Tea Cake didn’t help Janie find her voice, but instead just gave her something to use it on. Yet while critics will argue forever over the questions of Janie’s voice and emotional strength, it is unquestionable that she walked away from it all with a new sense of knowledge and experience. And with these things, Janie was cabab le of dealing with whatever new challenge came her way.